Tag: Vaccination

Symptoms, Prevention, and Treatment of Whooping Cough

Whooping cough, also known as pertussis, was a leading cause of childhood illness and death in the United States before the introduction of a vaccine. Millions of people were diagnosed between 1940 and 1945 before seeing a reduction in cases in the 1970s to less than 3,000 per year.

The number of cases of whooping cough in the U.S. in 2024 remains below normal pre-pandemic levels, which typically sit around 20,000 annually. According to the CDC, cases jumped to nearly 50,000 during a 2012 outbreak. During the pandemic, the country saw a steep decline in whooping cough cases, dropping to 6,100 in 2020 and just 2,100 in 2021.

With a rise in whooping cough cases across Europe, Asia, and parts of the United States, health experts want to ensure parents understand the symptoms and how they can prevent this disease from harming their children.

What is Whooping Cough?

Whooping cough, caused by Bordetella pertussis, is mostly found in babies and young children. Still, coughing and sneezing can infect individuals of any age. Even with the vaccine, people can still transmit the disease. Infants under one year are particularly vulnerable, with one-third requiring hospitalization and facing risks like pneumonia, apnea, and dehydration. Older adults, pregnant women, and the immunocompromised are also at high risk for severe complications.

Symptoms of Whooping Cough

The symptoms of whooping cough can be divided into three stages:

1. Catarrhal Stage (1–2 weeks):

● Symptoms resemble a common cold, including a runny nose, sneezing, mild fever, and a mild cough.

● This stage is the most contagious.

2. Paroxysmal Stage (1–6 weeks):

● The sign of this stage is severe, uncontrollable coughing fits followed by a high-pitched “whoop” sound.

● Coughing fits can lead to vomiting, exhaustion, and, in some cases, difficulty breathing.

● Infants might not whoop but may have trouble breathing or even stop breathing briefly.

3. Convalescent Stage (weeks to months):

● Gradual recovery begins, but coughing fits may return if the person contracts another respiratory illness.

How Whooping Cough Transmits

Whooping cough spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. People are most contagious during the early stage of the illness.

Certain factors increase the risk of contracting whooping cough:

● Unvaccinated individuals are at higher risk of contracting whooping cough.

● Infants under 6 months are particularly vulnerable because they are too young to have received the full course of vaccinations.

● Close contact: Living in the same household or spending extended time with an infected person heightens the risk.

Prevention

Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent whooping cough. The primary vaccines are DTaP for infants and children and Tdap for adolescents, adults, and pregnant women. The vaccination schedule typically includes:

● DTaP vaccine: Given in five doses at 2, 4, and 6 months, between 15–18 months, and between 4–6 years.

● Tdap vaccine: Recommended for preteens (11–12 years), pregnant women during each pregnancy (preferably between 27–36 weeks), and adults who haven’t received it before.

These vaccines have varying degrees of effectiveness and duration of protection. While they generally provide immunity, this protection diminishes over time. Diphtheria vaccines are effective for roughly a decade, while tetanus vaccines offer near-universal protection for a similar duration.

DTaP has been known to protect in the first year after completion, but this reduces over time, with only about 7 in 10 children fully protected five years post-vaccination. Tdap, administered to older individuals, offers slightly lower but still considerable protection, with around 7 in 10 fully protected in the first year and 3 or 4 in 10 after four years.

Studies also demonstrate the effectiveness of Tdap in pregnant women, significantly reducing the risk of whooping cough transmission to newborns. Over three-quarters of infants under two months old are protected from whooping cough, and vaccination prevents nearly all cases requiring hospital treatment.

Treatment

Antibiotics can effectively treat whooping cough and help reduce its spread to others if diagnosed early. Commonly prescribed antibiotics include azithromycin, erythromycin, and clarithromycin. For those with severe symptoms, especially infants, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and support breathing.

Whooping cough is a preventable but serious disease that can have severe consequences, especially for young children and infants. Vaccination remains the most effective measure to protect against pertussis. Awareness of symptoms and early treatment can help manage and prevent the disease’s spread. With the rise of certain diseases in the United States, it’s important to talk to your healthcare provider about keeping up-to-date on your vaccines.

Sources

CDC: Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Whooping Cough Vaccination

CDC: Pregnancy and Whooping Cough

CDC: Pertussis Cases by Year (1922-2021)

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: The Tdap Vaccine and Pregnancy

The Freedom to Choose Vaccination: Respecting Everyone’s Rights

In a world where personal health choices can have far-reaching implications, vaccination often ignites passionate debates. As we navigate these discussions, we must recognize our society’s fundamental principle: the freedom to choose. Whether you decide to get vaccinated or not, this choice should not infringe upon the rights of others to make their own decisions. Let’s explore why respecting each other’s choices is vital for maintaining a harmonious and healthy community and delve into why people make different choices regarding vaccination.

Understanding Personal Freedom and Public Health

At its core, vaccination is a personal health decision. It involves weighing the benefits and risks, considering personal beliefs, and sometimes, medical advice. For some, vaccines represent a vital tool to protect themselves and their loved ones from preventable diseases. For others, skepticism and concerns about potential side effects lead to a different choice.

The freedom to choose is a cornerstone of individual autonomy. However, personal choices can have collective consequences on public health. Vaccines protect those who receive them and contribute to the broader concept of herd immunity. This communal protection is especially crucial for those who cannot be vaccinated due to medical conditions, such as allergies or weakened immune systems.

Why Some People Choose to Get Vaccinated

Protecting Personal and Public Health: Many individuals get vaccinated to protect themselves from serious illnesses. Vaccines have been proven to reduce the risk of contracting and spreading infectious diseases.

  1. Preventing Severe Illness: Vaccinations protect individuals from severe and potentially life-threatening diseases such as measles, polio, influenza, hepatitis, meningitis, and whooping cough. By getting vaccinated, people can avoid the debilitating effects of these diseases and reduce the likelihood of severe health complications.
  2. Herd Immunity: Vaccinated individuals contribute to herd immunity, which protects those who cannot get vaccinated due to medical reasons. This communal protection helps prevent outbreaks and protect vulnerable populations.
  3. Scientific Trust: Some people trust the rigorous scientific research and regulatory processes that vaccines undergo before being approved for public use. They believe in the effectiveness and safety of vaccines based on evidence and expert recommendations.
  4. Travel and Work Requirements: Vaccination is often required for travel to certain countries and employment in specific sectors, such as healthcare. Compliance with these requirements is a practical reason for some to choose vaccination.
  5. Compliance with School Requirements: Many schools require students to be vaccinated to enroll. This policy aims to protect all students and staff from outbreaks of preventable diseases. Parents often choose to vaccinate their children to comply with these requirements and ensure they can attend school without issue.

Why Some People Choose Not to Get Vaccinated

  1. Concerns About Side Effects: Some individuals are worried about potential side effects of vaccines, both immediate and long-term. Personal experiences or anecdotal reports often fuel this concern.
  2. Personal or Religious Beliefs: Some people’s personal, philosophical, or religious beliefs may lead them to refuse vaccines. These beliefs can be deeply ingrained, forming a core part of an individual’s identity.
  3. Distrust in Pharmaceutical Companies or Government: Skepticism towards pharmaceutical companies and government agencies can deter people from getting vaccinated. Historical instances of medical malpractice contribute to this distrust.
  4. Belief in Natural Immunity: Some individuals prefer to rely on natural immunity acquired through exposure to diseases rather than vaccination, believing it to be more effective or safer.

The Balance Between Rights and Responsibilities

Balancing individual rights with collective responsibilities is not a new challenge. Society continuously navigates this delicate equilibrium in various domains, from traffic laws to smoking regulations. The key is to ensure that one person’s exercise of their freedom does not harm others.

In the realm of vaccination, this means acknowledging that while everyone has the right to choose, those choices can impact the health and safety of the broader community. For instance, declining vaccination in a densely populated area can increase the risk of outbreaks, putting vulnerable populations at greater risk.

Respecting Differing Views

Healthy debates are an integral part of a vibrant democracy. However, these debates should be rooted in mutual respect and understanding. People choose not to vaccinate for various reasons, including personal beliefs, medical concerns, or distrust of pharmaceutical companies. While these reasons may differ from mainstream views, they are valid perspectives shaped by individual experiences and knowledge.

Similarly, those who choose to vaccinate often do so based on scientific evidence, advice from healthcare providers, and a desire to protect themselves and their community. Their decisions are equally valid and should be respected.

Promoting Informed Choices

Education is essential to fostering understanding and respect for differing views on vaccination. By providing accurate, evidence-based information, we can help individuals make informed choices that align with their values and beliefs.

Unity in Diversity

The freedom to choose whether or not to get vaccinated is a fundamental right. However, exercising this right comes with respecting others’ choices.

By promoting respect, understanding, and informed decision-making, we can create an environment where everyone feels empowered to make the best choices for themselves and their families. Ultimately, our collective well-being depends on our ability to coexist with differing perspectives, united by the shared goal of a healthier, more inclusive society.

By embracing the freedom to choose and respecting the choices of others, we lay the foundation for a compassionate and resilient community.

At Health Hero, we have been providing communities with vaccinations for 13 years, ensuring that those who choose to get vaccinated can access safe and effective options. While we respect everyone’s freedom to choose whether or not to get vaccinated, we firmly support vaccination as a vital tool for public health. Together, we can build a healthier, more resilient community.

Celebrating 50 Years of Saving Lives: The Impact of Immunization Programs

The Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), now known as the Essential Programme on Immunization, has profoundly impacted the world for five decades. 154 million lives have been saved, 101 million of which were infants. This statistic highlights the critical role immunization plays in protecting society’s most vulnerable members.

The success of the smallpox eradication campaign fueled EPI’s inception. This started a global movement to protect children against six devastating childhood illnesses. It evolved into a comprehensive initiative encompassing essential vaccines for 13 diseases and 17 context-dependent vaccines.

A study conducted by the Lancet evaluated the global and regional health impacts of vaccination against 14 diseases. The results showed a 40% reduction in infant mortality globally and over 50% in Africa. Research showed that the measles vaccine alone has averted 93.7 million deaths since 1974, followed by tetanus (28 million saved), pertussis (13.2 million), and tuberculosis (10.9 million).

As of May 2, 131 measles cases were reported by 21 jurisdictions in the United States.

This year’s measles case total is the largest annual tally since 2019. The rise in cases is mainly due to vaccination rates falling from 95% over the last few years to 93% in 2022–23. The measles outbreaks serve as a reminder of the importance of vaccination and that the work of EPI is far from over.

Childhood vaccinations are essential to saving lives and making our communities safer. Following the recommended vaccine schedule is vital to ensure children receive protection at the right time and in the most effective manner. Vaccinations typically begin shortly after birth, with the first doses of vaccines, including those for hepatitis B and polio, administered during this period. Additional doses are given at 2 to 4 months to boost immunity against diseases such as diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, rotavirus, and Haemophilus influenza type b.

By 6 to 18 months, children receive further doses of vaccines to ensure lasting immunity, including measles, mumps, rubella, varicella (chickenpox), hepatitis A, and pneumococcal disease. Booster shots for some vaccines, such as those for diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and polio, are administered at 4 to 6 years.

Around 11 to 12 years of age, children receive vaccines for meningococcal disease and human papillomavirus (HPV), along with boosters for tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis. Throughout adolescence, vaccination against influenza should continue annually, and catch-up vaccinations may be recommended if any doses were missed earlier.

As we commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Essential Programme on Immunization, it’s essential to acknowledge the progress made while recognizing the challenges ahead. While vaccines have saved more lives than any other medical innovation in the last century, we’re witnessing a concerning trend in the decline of vaccine rates. This decline poses a significant threat to public health, as it undermines the progress we’ve achieved under EPI. The 50th anniversary of EPI is an opportunity to change that tide and contribute to a healthier future for everyone.

Sources:

WHO: 50th anniversary of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI)

The Lancet: Contribution of vaccination to improved survival and health: modelling 50 years of the Expanded Programme on Immunization

CDC: Measles Cases and Outbreaks

Essential Vaccination Tips for Children’s First Adventure Abroad

It’s the season of planning, as people start looking at destinations to travel to for the summer months. For many, this may mark the first time young children accompany them on such adventures. Whether it’s the beaches, bustling cities, or serene national parks you’re headed to, thorough preparation is key — not just for your suitcases but also for your health.

One crucial aspect of travelling is maintaining health to enjoy the time away. This involves familiarizing yourself with the vaccination requirements of the different countries on your itinerary.

What to Know Before Travelling Abroad

Each country has its unique health risks and regulations. Rare or nonexistent diseases in your home country might be prevalent elsewhere. For instance, sub-Saharan Africa or tropical South America destinations may require the yellow fever vaccine, while Eastern Europe does not. Some countries require proof of certain vaccinations as a condition of entry, so being immunized can facilitate your travel plans and prevent any unexpected hurdles.

Understanding Vaccine Requirements

Before jetting off to your destination, it’s important to research the vaccination requirements of your destination country and understand what your children, and even yourself, may need. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO), these are the most common vaccines recommended for international travel:

  1. Routine Vaccines: These are vaccines that you should receive as part of your regular immunization schedule, such as measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (Tdap), and influenza.
  2. Travel-Specific Vaccines: Depending on your destination and planned activities, you may need additional vaccines to protect against diseases found in certain regions, such as:

○ Hepatitis A and B: Common in many parts of the world, these vaccines protect against liver infections transmitted through contaminated food, water, or bodily fluids.

○ Typhoid fever spreads through contaminated food and water, and typhoid fever can cause severe illness. Vaccination is recommended for travellers visiting regions with poor sanitation.

○ Yellow Fever: Required for entry into certain countries in Africa and South America, the yellow fever vaccine protects against this mosquito-borne viral disease.

○ Japanese Encephalitis: Recommended for travellers to rural areas of Asia, particularly during the transmission season, to prevent this mosquito-borne viral infection.

  1. Malaria Prophylaxis: In addition to vaccines, travellers to regions where malaria is endemic may need antimalarial medications to prevent infection. Malaria is transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes and can cause severe illness if left untreated.

To further understand requirements, it’s recommended to talk to your doctor and information about your travel plans so they can recommend a list of vaccines your family may need.

Best Time to Get Vaccinated

Ideally, families should receive their vaccines at least 4–6 weeks before departure to allow sufficient vaccine administration and immune response time. Some vaccines require multiple doses over several weeks, so early planning is essential.

During your pre-travel consultation, your healthcare provider will review your medical history, travel itinerary, and specific health concerns to recommend the appropriate vaccines and medications. They may also advise on other health precautions, such as food and water safety, insect bite prevention, and altitude sickness management.

Other Illnesses to Watch for

While vaccines are important to safeguard your health while travelling, parents need to be aware of other challenges for their children. From jet lag to motion sickness and diarrhea, children might experience several common issues their first time away from home.

Jet lag, which results from crossing time zones, can disrupt children’s sleep patterns and leave them feeling exhausted and disoriented. To help alleviate its effects, parents can try adjusting their children’s sleep schedules before the trip, ensuring they stay hydrated during the flight, and encouraging outdoor activities upon arrival to help reset their internal clocks.

Children may also experience discomfort during takeoff and landing, often due to pressure changes in their ears. Parents can help by encouraging swallowing, chewing gum, or, for infants, breastfeeding during these times. Travelling by plane can also trigger motion sickness in young children. Parents can prepare for this by providing light meals before travel, securing a window seat for outside views, and considering medication options if motion sickness persists.

Stomach problems like diarrhea are another common concern, especially for young children who may be more susceptible to dehydration. Parents should be cautious about their children’s food and water, opting for bottled water and well-cooked meals. Additionally, practicing good hygiene, such as frequent handwashing, can help prevent the spread of germs and reduce the risk of gastrointestinal issues.

International travel offers exciting opportunities for exploration and cultural exchange, but it’s essential to prioritize the health and safety of your children before heading out. Prioritizing vaccinations and preparing for potential illnesses equips you to journey with peace of mind.

Safe travels!

Sources:

Nemours Kids Health: Staying Healthy While You Travel

CDC: Travelers’ Health

WHO: Vaccines

Vaccinations Q&A: What You Need to Know

Q: Why are vaccinations important for public health?

A: Vaccinations play a critical role in public health by preventing the spread of infectious diseases. They protect individuals from potentially serious illnesses and reduce the risk of outbreaks, helping to create “herd immunity” that shields vulnerable populations, such as those who can’t get vaccinated for medical reasons.

Q: How do vaccines work?

A: Vaccines stimulate the body’s immune system to recognize and fight specific pathogens, such as viruses or bacteria. They introduce harmless or weakened forms of these pathogens, or pieces of them, into the body. This triggers an immune response, teaching the body to recognize and attack the pathogen if encountered in the future.

Q: What types of vaccines are available?

A: There are several types of vaccines, including:

  • Live-attenuated vaccines: Contain weakened forms of the virus or bacteria, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine.
  • Inactivated vaccines: Contain killed pathogens, such as the polio vaccine.
  • Subunit, recombinant, and conjugate vaccines Contain parts of the pathogen (like proteins or sugars), such as the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine.
  • mRNA vaccines: Contain genetic material that instructs cells to produce a protein from the pathogen, triggering an immune response, such as the COVID-19 vaccines.

Q: Are vaccines safe?

A: Vaccines undergo rigorous safety and efficacy testing before being approved for use. They are continually monitored for safety, with rare and generally mild adverse effects, such as soreness at the injection site or mild fever. The benefits of vaccination far outweigh the risks, making them a vital part of preventative healthcare.

Q: How often should I get vaccinated?

A: The frequency of vaccinations depends on the type of vaccine. Some vaccines, like the MMR or polio, provide lifelong immunity after a single course. Others, such as the flu vaccine, must be administered annually due to changing virus strains. It’s essential to consult a healthcare provider to determine the appropriate vaccination schedule for you and your family.

Q: What about booster shots?

A: Booster shots are additional vaccine doses that enhance or prolong immunity. They are recommended for certain vaccines, such as COVID-19 or tetanus shots, to maintain effective protection. Always check with a healthcare professional to see if booster shots are necessary.

Q: Can I get vaccinated if I have allergies?

A: In most cases, individuals with allergies can receive vaccines. However, it’s crucial to inform your healthcare provider about any allergies you have. They can assess the risks and recommend a suitable vaccine or approach to mitigate potential reactions.

Q: How do vaccinations benefit the community?

A: Vaccinations protect individuals and the community by reducing the spread of contagious diseases. Widespread vaccination helps create herd immunity, which shields vulnerable individuals who can’t be vaccinated due to medical reasons. This communal protection contributes to healthier populations overall.

In conclusion, vaccinations are a key component of individual and public health, protecting against potentially harmful diseases and reducing their spread. We can safeguard ourselves and our communities by staying informed and keeping up with recommended vaccines.

Categories
Dr. Casey

What You (Might) Be Wondering about Immunity

I get asked a lot of questions about medicine, health, vaccines, and similar things by many people. Sometimes people seem embarrassed or even somewhat apologetic when they ask these things. But really, I appreciate it when people take the time to ask questions. It is great knowing that people want to be informed, and helping with that is one of my roles as a scientist and public health professional. I encourage everyone to ask questions. Many times people are not necessarily opposed to doing something to protect their health (like getting a vaccine), but they might not have taken that action yet because there is something they aren’t sure about or there is something they need clarified. That is something I completely understand; when in doubt, sometimes it feels like the safest thing to do is — nothing. However, it is important to ask a trusted source for the information you need so that you can take action, and feel confident in the health choices you are making. And that is where I come in!

I get a lot of similar questions from people, which tells me that there are areas related to health and science that are 1.) important to a lot of people, and 2.) obviously unclear (although I already knew both of those!). And I know it can be difficult to speak up and ask questions about anything, even if it’s something you really want to know. So, with that in mind, I thought I would tell you about some questions that I get a lot, in case you might have the same ones. This will likely be the first of several of these posts, and please feel free to send in messages to my Facebook page with other questions you would like to have answered. If you don’t ask, you will never know. So, here are just a few common questions I hear about vaccines and immunity.

What is “natural” immunity?

Natural immunity is the type of immunity a person has after they have a disease. For example, the chickenpox vaccine was not yet available in the U.S. when I was a child in the early 1990’s. As a very contagious disease, it was very common for children to catch and spread chickenpox (my little sister very generously gave it to me). But if you got chickenpox, one of the “bright sides” was that you were very unlikely to ever have it again because you had developed natural immunity to the disease. This was because, when you had chickenpox, your body’s immune system made antibodies to fight the disease, giving you immunity. So, if you came in contact with chickenpox in the future, your immune system would recognize it and be able to quickly make the antibodies to fight it off. This kind of immunity is called natural, meaning it is not gained through vaccination.

Is natural immunity safer than immunity from a vaccine?

NO. To gain natural immunity, someone has to actually be infected with the disease. Diseases can be painful, serious, and even deadly. They also often have many side effects that can be dangerous. When a person gets sick with a disease, no one knows how their body will respond or how seriously the disease will affect them. Getting immunity from a disease can be risky and unpredictable, and you have to experience the disease. It is what I tend to think of as doing something, “the hard way.”

Immunity from a vaccine (also called vaccine-acquired immunity) is a much safer way to gain immunity from a disease. With vaccination, a dead or very weak form of the disease is introduced into your body. Your immune system learns to produce antibodies to protect you, but you do not have to experience the risks of actually having the disease, like with natural immunity. The most recent scientific studies show that vaccination has more benefits and far fewer risks than natural immunity.

What is “herd immunity” (and won’t that protect me enough?)?

This term became more well-known (or at least more used) when COVID-19 vaccinations became available but many people were hesitant to be vaccinated. Herd immunity (also called “community immunity”) means that enough people in an area have become immune to a certain disease that it is very difficult for the disease to spread. One of the main benefits of herd immunity is that it helps protects people who are not able to vaccinated, like the very young or people with immune system issues. In this situation, the more people who have immunity, the more difficult it is for a disease to spread.

As you have probably already guessed, the answer to the second part of this question — won’t herd immunity provide enough protection — is no. Reaching the level of herd immunity in a population can be very difficult, especially if the disease is especially contagious, or if it is a disease (like a virus) that can mutate into new variants. The best way to make sure you have immunity is by getting vaccinated. By doing this, you can protect yourself, and you can contribute to herd immunity which may protect others, too.

Other Questions?

Feel free to message my Facebook page with your own questions. I will answer everything I can, and if I don’t know the answer, I will find someone who does. Asking questions is how we learn, and how we make informed decisions. Everyone should be able to get the information they need to decide what is best for their health. I am here to help make that connection, and I look forward to being a resource that you can trust.

Be Well; Be Kind,

Dr. Casey

Want to Learn More?

If you are interested in reading more about different types of immunity and how they work, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has some great information here: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/immunity-types.htm

If you would like to learn more about herd immunity, National Geographic has a great article discussing it here: https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/herd-immunity-strength-numbers/

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About Dr. Casey

Dr. Casey, PhD, MPH, is Director of Epidemiology and Public Health and associate professor of family medicine at the University of South Alabama Whiddon College of Medicine with a concurrent appointment in USA Health Mitchell Cancer Institute’s Division of Cancer Control and Prevention; she is also Director of the Masters of Public Health Program at Spring Hill College. Dr. Casey holds a masters and doctoral degrees in Public Health from the University of Alabama at Birmingham and a postdoctoral fellowship at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.

Her research interests include behavioral epidemiology, childhood/adolescent vaccination, cancer prevention, health communication, and reducing health disparities, emphasizing rural settings. Dr. Casey is a staunch advocate for increasing vaccination to lower rates of preventable diseases; she has led several studies to improve vaccine uptake.

Dr. Casey has held top leadership roles with non-profit organizations such as VAX2STOP CANCER, was elected Chair of Alabama’s Cancer Control Coalition, and is on the executive committee of Alabama’s vaccination task force. She is active in many prominent organizations, including the American Public Health Association and Society of Behavioral Medicine. With over 50 scientific publications and numerous national presentations, and invited talks, Dr. Casey is a widely respected expert in the field of vaccination.

Why You Should Skip Your Shots!

(But Not Really) The real scoop on why vaccinations are essential.

Did that headline make you do a double-take? While it might sound like a call to action to avoid vaccinations, this article underscores why vaccines are necessary for individual health and community safety. Let’s clear the air and get into the facts about vaccines and their critical role in public health.

A Brief Primer on Vaccines

Vaccines are one of modern medicine’s most significant achievements, offering a defence against serious and often deadly diseases. By introducing a harmless virus, bacteria, or weakened form of the disease, vaccines train the immune system to recognize and fight off these pathogens effectively and swiftly in the future.

The Top Reasons to Embrace Vaccinations

1. Personal Health Protection

Vaccines prime your body to fight off diseases without causing them. This proactive approach can save you from experiencing severe complications associated with diseases like influenza, pneumonia, and meningitis. This is particularly important for children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems.

2. Community Shield: Herd Immunity

Vaccines protect you and everyone around you. When enough people are vaccinated, the community can achieve herd immunity, significantly decreasing disease spread. This communal protection is vital for safeguarding those who can’t be vaccinated due to medical conditions, such as cancer patients and those with allergic reactions to vaccines.

3. Cost Savings on Healthcare

Preventing diseases through vaccination avoids significant healthcare costs associated with treating them. Immunization programs have proven to be among the most cost-effective health interventions, saving billions in healthcare costs and having a global economic impact.

4. Global Disease Eradication Efforts

Vaccinations have the power to wipe out diseases completely. For example, smallpox was eradicated in 1980 thanks to global vaccination programs. Polio is nearing eradication, and efforts continue to eliminate other diseases, potentially freeing future generations from diseases that once caused widespread fear and fatality.

5. Proven Safety and Efficacy

Despite misconceptions, vaccines undergo rigorous testing to ensure they are safe and effective before being made available to the public. The risk of serious side effects is exceptionally low compared to the risks of severe health outcomes from the diseases themselves.

Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy: Common Myths

Several misconceptions contribute to vaccine hesitancy. Here are the facts to counter them:

“Vaccines cause the diseases they’re meant to prevent.” Modern vaccines do not contain live viruses capable of causing disease.

“Vaccines have harmful side effects.” The most common side effects are mild and temporary, such as soreness at the injection site or a mild fever.

“Natural immunity is better than vaccine immunity.” Natural immunity can sometimes provide robust protection, but the risks of disease complications far outweigh those associated with vaccines.

Wrapping It Up

The evidence is clear: vaccines save lives, prevent illness, and protect entire communities. So, when it’s your time to get vaccinated, remember that it’s not just for your health — it’s for the well-being of everyone around you.

Categories
Dr. Casey

Can an “Eliminated Disease” Become Un-eliminated?

Did you know that there are certain diseases that are considered eliminated in some parts of the world? If you are anything like me or my students, your first thought might be — How? Or maybe just — Wow. Or, I am sure there are plenty of people out there whose first thought is — Prove it, and/or — Yeah, right. Regardless, it is a pretty amazing concept to think about: Eliminating. A. Disease. But before I get too far ahead of myself, I want to explain what I mean by “elimination.”

Control, Eliminate, Eradicate

These are three important terms in public health and in general healthcare when it comes to diseases, so I want to take a minute to explain them one at a time.

Control. Control means using treatment and taking actions to make the outcomes of a disease better and to minimize its spread. Think about influenza (the flu), for example. Seasonal flu comes around every year, and we cannot completely prevent it (although vaccines help a lot!). So, we control the flu by doing things like: avoiding contact with people who are sick, washing our hands frequently, and disinfecting shared surfaces, among other things.

Eliminate. Elimination means stopping a certain disease from being transmitted in a specific location or area, but not removing the disease worldwide. Basically, clearing a region of a specific disease. In the United States, we can thank Dr. Jonas Salk and the vaccine he developed for eliminating polio. Actually, polio has been eliminated from almost every country in the world, which is a good lead in to the next term…

Eradicate. A disease is declared eradicated when it is not found or transmitted anywhere in the world. It seems practically impossible. In fact, only two infectious diseases have been completely eradicated…ever. The only human disease that has been officially eradicated is smallpox (in 1980). I will probably come back to smallpox sometime because it is a fascinating and amazing journey, but for now, the main thing to know is that, thankfully, it is something we do not have to worry about!

What Diseases Have Been Eliminated in the U.S.?

In the U.S., the following human diseases are considered eliminated: smallpox, malaria, polio, rubella, mumps, diphtheria, and measles, with several other diseases close to reaching that status. This means that, even though there might be some cases of these diseases here and there, there have been no ongoing disease transmissions for over a year. We have had so much success eliminating many of these diseases largely thanks to vaccines that have given people protection from being infected. However, back to our original question…

Can a Disease Lose Its Elimination Status?

Unfortunately, the answer is YES. Elimination does not mean that a disease cannot come back to a region or area, but usually, cases of that disease would come in from another place (like visitors bringing germs along). When an event like this happens, the next steps really depend on what the community is like. For example, if visitors bring in a few cases of the mumps, but members of the community are all up to date on their vaccines (which include mumps), then these outsider cases probably won’t have a huge effect on the people there. However, if members of the community have started thinking they aren’t at risk for mumps because no one ever gets it where they live, and they have stopped getting vaccinated for it, then they are far more likely to catch the mumps that are now in their area, and to spread it to others who have lowered their guards and stopped vaccinating.

Why Is This Important Right Now?

Understanding the importance of how diseases spread — and right under our noses without us suspecting anything — is critical. Right now, we are seeing an example of this every day when it comes to the measles. As a refresher, measles is a serious, even life-threatening virus that is mainly transmitted through the air (when people cough or sneeze, for example) and through other close contact. Measles is one of the most contagious of all infectious diseases! The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) say that up to 9 out of 10 susceptible people who have close contact with a measles patient will develop measles. The disease is especially common among children, but measles can be prevented through a combined vaccine often called “MMR” (meaning it vaccinates against measles-mumps-rubella). Just one does of MMR vaccine is around 93% effective at preventing measles!

In fact, in large part due to measles vaccines, measles was declared eliminated in the U.S. in 2000. Unfortunately, the case isn’t closed. Right now, we are getting closer and closer to measles being “un-eliminated” in the U.S. as the numbers of measles cases continues climbing. Between January 1, 2020 and March 28, 2024, the US has had 338 documented cases of the measles. But, 29% of those cases were in just the first quarter of 2024, which is not a good sign for case numbers for the rest of the year.

Some important things to know are that, of the 338 measles cases, two out of three patients (68%) were unvaccinated for measles. Another 29% of these cases did not know if they had been vaccinated or not, showing how important it is to know our own medical history and advocate for ourselves. Unfortunately, the numbers given here reflect the general population’s prevention, as measles vaccinations have been steadily decreasing for several years.

The Double-Edged Sword of Successful Disease Prevention

This is what I tend to think of as a double-edged sword in the amazing job that public health and medicine have done in eliminating measles in the U.S. It is remarkable that, in the present day, the risk of measles is so low that most people have gone their whole lives without experiencing or even seeing the life-threatening effects of measles. While that is a huge achievement, it tends to lower the population’s guard for protecting against the disease. People are less likely to understand how severe measles can be. And because people do not feel as threatened by measles, they are less likely to take preventive actions like vaccination. When something seems less “real,” or like it doesn’t apply to us, we are not motivated to take action, and this applies far beyond health. For example, I am probably not actively thinking about what kind of maintenance I could or should be doing for my car on a daily basis. I am triggered to action when a “change oil” light comes on. It’s not that I don’t like my car or am just lazy; it is more that, as a society, we have so many things going on at once, that many things do not get our attention until they become a problem or we feel threatened.

So what is critical, is that we don’t fall into the trap of false security just because things seem stable. We cannot treat our health, and the health of others, as a guarantee until it’s not. Because one day, it is possible, and even likely, that there could be a resurgence, change, or unexpected happening in health as we know it, and we want to be protected and to protect others if and when that happens. We should never pass up opportunities to prevent diseases when they are easily available. We should always hope and strive for the best, but prepare for anything we can.

. . .

For More Information

To read more about polio and the development of its life-saving vaccine, check out the World Health Organization’s page: History of the Polio Vaccine

https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/history-of-vaccination/history-of-polio-vaccination#:~:text=By%201994%2C%20polio%20had%20been,in%20less%20than%202%20decades.

To read about the crusade against and successful defeat of smallpox, head to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention site and take a look at their History of Smallpox page. It is pretty incredible to see what humans were able to accomplish with the world working together!

https://www.google.com/search?q=when+was+smallpox+eradicated&rlz=1C1GCEB_enUS1070US1070&oq=when+was+small&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUqBwgAEAAYgAQyBwgAEAAYgAQyBggBEEUYOTIHCAIQABiABDIHCAMQABiABDIHCAQQABiABDIHCAUQABiABDIHCAYQABiABDIHCAcQABiABDIHCAgQABiABDIHCAkQABiABNIBCDI3NTRqMGo3qAIAsAIA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

To read a lot more information about measles and vaccination and see where I found some of my information for this post, visit the “Measles (Rubeola)” page on the CDC website:

https://www.cdc.gov/measles/index.html

. . .

About Dr. Casey

Dr. Casey, PhD, MPH, is Director of Epidemiology and Public Health and associate professor of family medicine at the University of South Alabama Whiddon College of Medicine with a concurrent appointment in USA Health Mitchell Cancer Institute’s Division of Cancer Control and Prevention; she is also Director of the Masters of Public Health Program at Spring Hill College. Dr. Casey holds a masters and doctoral degrees in Public Health from the University of Alabama at Birmingham and a postdoctoral fellowship at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.

Her research interests include behavioral epidemiology, childhood/adolescent vaccination, cancer prevention, health communication, and reducing health disparities, emphasizing rural settings. Dr. Casey is a staunch advocate for increasing vaccination to lower rates of preventable diseases; she has led several studies to improve vaccine uptake.

Dr. Casey has held top leadership roles with non-profit organizations such as VAX2STOP CANCER, was elected Chair of Alabama’s Cancer Control Coalition, and is on the executive committee of Alabama’s vaccination task force. She is active in many prominent organizations, including the American Public Health Association and Society of Behavioral Medicine. With over 50 scientific publications and numerous national presentations, and invited talks, Dr. Casey is a widely respected expert in the field of vaccination.

Get Ahead of the Spring Season by Getting Vaccinated Against Pneumococcal

As we welcome the warmer temperatures and start planning our vacations, it’s important to remember that this season also brings certain health risks, particularly for children. One such risk is pneumococcal disease, a potentially serious infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. While pneumococcal can occur at any time of the year, it tends to rise during the spring months, making it essential for parents to understand the importance of vaccination in safeguarding their children’s health.

Pneumococcal infections can range from pneumonia, meningitis and bloodstream infections. These illnesses can lead to severe complications, hospitalization, and even death, especially in young children whose immune systems are still developing. During spring, fluctuating temperatures, increased pollen levels, and more time spent outdoors can contribute to the spread of pneumococcal.

While people get excited about the change in seasons and often check their passports to see if they’re expired, it’s also important to ensure you are up-to-date with your vaccines. Vaccination against pneumococcal is the most effective way to prevent infection and reduce its impact. The pneumococcal vaccine is typically administered in early childhood as part of routine immunization schedules. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) advises administering the vaccine to all children under five years old. Infants should receive the vaccine in four doses at specific ages: 2, 4, and 6 months, and a final dose between 12 and 15 months.

Parents need to stay informed about the pneumococcal vaccine and ensure that their children receive the recommended doses according to the vaccination schedule healthcare professionals provide. It’s also important to watch for other illnesses that surge during this time of year.

Spring can be notorious for the resurgence of certain contagious diseases, such as:

Influenza: While flu season typically peaks in the winter, influenza viruses can still circulate into the spring months, causing flu-like symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, fatigue, and headaches.

Chickenpox (Varicella): This highly contagious viral infection spreads more easily in the spring. It causes an itchy rash, blister-like lesions, fever, and general discomfort.

Pertussis (Whooping Cough): Pertussis is a bacterial infection known for its severe coughing fits. It can be particularly dangerous for infants and young children.

Several vaccines are available for these infections, but other ways exist to protect yourself from illness. Maintaining good hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing with soap and water, especially after being in public spaces, is important. Additionally, practicing respiratory hygiene by covering your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing can help prevent the spread of germs. Regular exercise, managing stress levels, and ensuring adequate sleep are also crucial for overall health and immunity. Lastly, and most importantly, staying up to date with vaccinations recommended by healthcare professionals can provide added protection against seasonal illnesses.

Sources

CDC: Pneumococcal Disease

CDC: Pneumococcal Vaccine Recommendations

National Foundation for Infectious Diseases: Pneumococcal Disease and Children

Healthy Kids, Bright Futures: The Connection Between Vaccinations and Student Success in Tennessee

Immunizations play a crucial role in safeguarding children’s health and academic journey, with concrete evidence showcasing the significant impact of vaccinations on school attendance and scholastic achievement. Through compelling case studies, this narrative delves into real-life examples that elucidate the correlation between vaccinations, decreased sick days, and enhanced academic performance among Tennessee students. By exploring these stories, we aim to equip Tennessee parents with insightful perspectives on the profound influence that immunizations can have on their children’s educational success, encouraging proactive choices for brighter futures.

Understanding the Importance of Vaccinations

Connection between Vaccinations and Health

Vaccines are key in maintaining children’s health and protecting against infectious diseases. They prepare the body’s immune system to recognize and combat pathogens. This is particularly critical for children whose immune systems are still developing and who are more vulnerable to illnesses and complications. For instance, measles can lead to serious health problems like pneumonia or encephalitis, but these risks are greatly reduced with vaccination. In Tennessee, widespread immunization efforts have led to a decline in many preventable diseases, contributing to healthier communities. Children who stay healthy can attend school regularly, which is fundamental to their educational growth and overall development. Ensuring that children receive recommended vaccinations on time is essential for parents to help nurture a healthy future for their kids.

Why Vaccines Matter for Education

Vaccinations are more than just a healthcare imperative; they are a critical component of a child’s educational foundation. Vaccines reduce the number of school days missed due to sickness by preventing illness. This uninterrupted attendance is conducive to better learning, ensuring children are present for key lessons and educational activities. Moreover, schools are environments where infections can spread rapidly due to close contact among students. Immunizations play a pivotal role in reducing the spread of diseases within the school setting, protecting the vaccinated individual and their peers. This herd immunity is especially valuable in protecting those who cannot be vaccinated for medical reasons. In Tennessee, investment in students’ health through vaccinations is an investment in their education and the broader goal of a more literate, capable future workforce.

Impact of Vaccinations on Student Success

Case Studies: Vaccines and School Attendance

Evidence from case studies across Tennessee illustrates the direct impact vaccinations have on school attendance. For example, a school in Nashville reported a significant decrease in absenteeism after initiating an influenza vaccination program with Health Hero. Before the program, flu outbreaks resulted in considerable classroom disruptions each winter. After the program’s implementation, not only did student attendance improve, but there was also a noticeable decrease in staff sick leaves. In another instance, a rural school district introduced a Hepatitis B vaccination drive, which markedly reduced cases of the disease and related absences. These real-life examples underscore the effectiveness of vaccines in preventing illnesses that lead to missed school days. By prioritizing vaccinations, schools can ensure that students maintain consistent attendance, a crucial factor in academic success.

Insights: Vaccines and Academic Performance

The link between vaccinations and academic performance is supported by research indicating that healthy children are better learners. In Tennessee, studies have observed that students with up-to-date vaccination records tend to have higher grades and test scores. This can be attributed to vaccines reducing the number of school days missed due to illness, allowing students to benefit from more classroom time and continuity in learning. Additionally, healthy children are more likely to participate in class, pay attention, and engage with the material, contributing to better academic outcomes. Furthermore, schools with high vaccination rates report fewer outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases, which can cause widespread absenteeism and disrupt learning for extended periods. These insights clarify that vaccinations are vital for health and enable students to reach their full academic potential.

Closing the Gap: Increasing Vaccination Rates in Tennessee

Vaccination and The Role of Parents

Parents play a critical role in improving vaccination rates in Tennessee. They are the primary decision-makers for their children’s health care and are responsible for ensuring that their children receive the necessary immunizations. This begins with understanding the vaccination schedule and the importance of adhering to it. Staying informed about the types of vaccines and the diseases they prevent is also crucial. Parents can seek information from reliable sources such as pediatricians, school health officials, and public health departments. By keeping their children’s vaccinations up to date, parents help protect their children and fortify the community’s health by contributing to herd immunity. Encouraging dialogue between parents and healthcare providers can address concerns and dispel vaccination myths, leading to higher vaccination rates and healthier schools.

Empowering a Healthier, Brighter Future With Vaccines

Vaccinations are a cornerstone of public health that pave the way for a healthier and brighter future for the children of Tennessee. When communities embrace immunization, they are setting up their youth for success by laying a foundation of good health, which is essential for learning and development. Increasing vaccination rates requires a collective effort that includes parents, schools, healthcare providers, and community leaders. By working together, these stakeholders can create effective communication strategies that emphasize the benefits of vaccines and promote their uptake. Educational programs can help to dispel myths and provide clear, evidence-based information about the safety and effectiveness of vaccines. With the right knowledge, Tennessee communities can empower themselves to make informed decisions about immunizations, leading to higher academic achievements for students and a more robust public health infrastructure.

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