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Dr. Casey

Global Public Health Emergency: What to Know about mpox

On Wednesday, August 14, 2024, the Director-General of the World Health Organization (also known as the WHO) declared mpox a global public health emergency. This declaration was due to a rapid increase in cases of mpox in several countries in Africa, particularly in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The hike in mpox cases has been closely watched by international health experts who are concerned that the virus could spread to even more African countries and potentially outside of the African continent. By identifying the very real threat of this outbreak, health professionals and governments from around the globe will be able to work together towards stopping the spread of mpox and end the current outbreaks.

What is mpox?

You may have heard of this virus before but perhaps under its former name (monkeypox). It was called that because the Monkeypox virus causes the illness. Now, though, this disease is known as mpox. The monkeypox virus that causes mpox is related to the same group of viruses that causes smallpox (but it is not related to chickenpox). The virus that causes mpox has been found in small rodents, monkeys, and other mammals, mostly living in Central and West Africa. Mpox is consistently present in these areas, so it is considered “endemic” in those places. For comparison, many diseases are considered endemic in the U.S., such influenza (flu), chronic hepatitis, and HIV.

What is the disease like?

The most common symptoms of mpox are a skin rash or lesions (often looking like sores) which can be anywhere on the body. Rashes and lesions typically last around 2–4 weeks. This type of rash usually starts as a flat sore which may itch or become painful as it next blisters and fills with liquid. Finally, scabs will develop and fall off of these areas as the rashes and lesions heal. Other frequent symptoms include fever, headache, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, muscle aches, and back pain. But the exact symptoms and severity will differ from person to person. Although rare, it is also possible to be infected with mpox without developing any symptoms. Symptoms of mpox usually start within a week of exposure, but can start anywhere from 1–21 days after being exposed. While symptoms should clear up between 2–4 weeks, it can take longer for people with weak immune systems, children, and those who are pregnant.

It is very important to be aware that there is potential for serious complications due to mpox symptoms. Some of these include bacterial infections of open lesions, sepsis (an infection of the blood), pneumonia, severe dehydration and/or malnutrition caused by vomiting and diarrhea, inflammation of many organs, and even death.

How is mpox spread?

Mpox is spread through direct contact with infected people, animals, contaminated materials, and infected pregnant individuals can pass the virus to their unborn baby. Among humans, mpox can be spread face-to-face (talking/breathing), skin-to-skin, mouth-to-mouth, and through close contact (through respiratory droplets); it can also spread through touch, kissing, or sexual interaction. People with mpox are infectious and can pass the disease on to others until all sores have healed and a new layer of skin has formed.

How is mpox treated?

Mpox treatment is focused on managing the symptoms, healing rashes and sores, managing pain, and preventing complications. Some antiviral drugs that were originally developed to treat smallpox have been used to treat mpox, and more studies are in progress to determine how effective these may be.

How can mpox be prevented?

There is an approved mpox vaccine that can assist in preventing infection. The vaccine should be given within 4 days of coming in contact with someone with mpox. For high-risk people, such as health workers who may be exposed and individuals with specific risk factors, mpox vaccination is highly recommended, particularly during an outbreak. Anyone with known or suspected mpox should be quarantined and cared for away from others who may contract the virus.

Other Questions?

While this may seem far removed from the safety of the United States, diseases like mpox should never be underestimated. Learning and understanding these kinds of health issues is critical because no one can guarantee that a highly contagious virus like this will not slip through the cracks and accidentally show up on our doorstep. With international travel being as convenient and accessible as it is today, we have a responsibility to know what is happening in the rest of the world, and to do what we can to keep ourselves and others safe and healthy. We are very fortunate to have global leadership that is taking a proactive approach to the current outbreak and working with people from all over the world to contain this virus as much as possible. Still, though, we must take whatever steps we can — even if that is just making sure we are educated — to be prepared, and engage in safe, preventive health practices.

Feel free to message my Facebook page with questions and thoughts. I love hearing from you and have been amazed at the incredible, thoughtful questions I have received! It is refreshing (and reassuring) to see so many people truly interested and invested in their health and the health of their loved ones and communities. I am always here as a resource that you can access and, most importantly, trust.

Be Well; Be Kind,

Dr. Casey

Want to Learn More?

If you want to read more about the WHO’s recent decision to declare mpox a global public health emergency, here is a press release that gives an overview of the issue and the decision: https://www.who.int/news/item/14-08-2024-who-director-general-declares-mpox-outbreak-a-public-health-emergency-of-international-concern

If you are interested in learning more about mpox, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has an overview and more information here: https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/mpox/about/index.html

The WHO has even more details about mpox, including its signs, symptoms, and important advice for prevention available here: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/monkeypox

The Domino Effect of Vaccination: How Protecting Your Child Benefits the Whole Community

Having an extra layer of protection is always a good idea. Some people might wear only a helmet when riding a bike, while others may add shin guards for safety. Even if you are experienced, you never know when a serious fall might happen. Vaccines work similarly. You might believe exposure can help build immunity, but that’s not always true. Getting vaccinated is that extra protection that helps not only yourself but also those around you; this is called the domino effect.

Understanding the Domino Effect

This concept is straightforward when discussing vaccinations. When one person gets vaccinated, it significantly reduces the risk of contracting and spreading infectious diseases. This reduction in potential transmission means that the people around them — family, friends, and classmates — are also less likely to be exposed to these diseases. Essentially, each vaccinated individual serves as a buffer, helping to protect those who are either too young, too old, or medically unable to receive vaccines.

Herd Immunity

If you get vaccinated, your family gets vaccinated, and even your neighbor, this creates herd immunity, meaning a high percentage of the population is vaccinated, making the spread of contagious diseases from person to person unlikely. This also helps create an added layer of protection for those in your community who cannot be vaccinated, such as newborns, those with certain allergies, or individuals with compromised immune systems.

When a sufficient number of people in a community are vaccinated, the overall amount of the pathogen in the community is reduced. Take a school, for example. If the majority of children are vaccinated against measles, an outbreak is less likely to occur.

Relieving Stress on Hospitals

Another critical benefit of widespread vaccination is its relief to healthcare systems, especially in critical areas such as hospitals. Infectious disease outbreaks can lead to a surge in hospital admissions overwhelming emergency rooms and intensive care units. This influx of patients strains hospital resources and affects the quality of care that all patients receive.

When vaccination rates are high, the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases decreases significantly. This reduction means fewer individuals require hospitalization for serious complications, allowing hospitals to allocate resources more effectively. By preventing outbreaks, vaccines help maintain hospitals’ capacity to manage various medical emergencies and ongoing care needs.

The Personal Benefits of Vaccination

While the community-wide benefits of vaccination are significant, the personal benefits are just as good. Vaccines are designed to provide immunity without the person suffering through the disease itself. Diseases like measles, mumps, and whooping cough can have severe, sometimes life-threatening complications, especially in young children. Vaccination helps prevent these diseases, preventing individuals and families from the associated health risks and the stress and financial burden of treatment.

The Role of Parents and Caregivers

Parents and caregivers play an essential role in the vaccination process. By ensuring that their children receive the recommended vaccines on schedule, they protect their children and contribute to the broader community’s health. Educating themselves about the benefits and safety of vaccines and discussing any concerns with healthcare providers helps parents make informed decisions that support public health.

Long-Term Health Investment

Vaccination is a long-term investment in public health. Diseases that were once common and deadly, such as polio and smallpox, have been virtually eradicated through widespread vaccination efforts. By continuing to vaccinate our children, we ensure that future generations remain protected and that these diseases do not make a comeback. By understanding the domino effect of vaccination, we can appreciate our collective responsibility for safeguarding public health.

Sources

CDC: Vaccines for Your Children

National Foundation for Infectious Diseases: 10 Reasons to Get Vaccinated

WHO: A Brief History of Vaccines

Categories
Dr. Casey

It Takes Work to Stay Well

Like everyone else, I do a lot of things. In addition to being a researcher, professor, advocate, writer, mentor, and other professional roles, I’m a mother. And that is my most important job. If you ask my oldest, “What is your mom’s most important job?” He would say, “Making sure we are healthy, safe, and happy.” That’s because I remind him of that almost daily (especially when he is supposed to be doing something for his health that he is not very excited about — like turning off the screen to brush his teeth before bed or trying new vegetables that he insists he has had and make him “sick,” ha). When I have to insist on an action that is important for his health but that he may not enjoy as much as playtime, I try to explain why it is important (more than just, “veggies make you big and strong”). I want him to really understand why he needs to wash his hands and get enough sleep and things that sometimes aren’t fun. I approach these situations with the same mentality as when I am teaching medical students or talking with patients, because it is important for people to know the why behind actions. I wouldn’t tell a patient they should have their blood sugar checked, “because I said so.” As I am always saying, providing information and answering questions is extremely important, and it shows respect for others that you will take time to help them understand. A little respect goes a long way.

Thinking about this made me want to talk about some “why’s” about vaccination.

Why is it important for my child to be “up-to-date” on vaccinations?

I am so glad you asked! There are several reasons, some of which I will discuss in this post (and others in future posts).

Vaccines help keep kids healthy!

This one is probably pretty obvious, but it cannot be overstated.

Vaccines help kids build immunity before they are exposed to possibly harmful, and even deadly, diseases. These diseases include hepatitis B, mumps, polio, tetanus, whooping cough, and chickenpox, among many others.

There are countless things we cannot always (or completely, or sometimes ever) control or protect our children from: motor vehicle collisions, social media, environmental disasters, bullying, genetic diseases, bad influences, to name very few. But vaccine-preventable diseases are something we can protect them from. This makes taking action to prevent whatever pain, harm, and negative outcomes we can even more important. We have to intervene in the few ways that we can to keep our children healthy and safe (and happy).

Vaccine-preventable diseases have not gone away…

In the U.S., we are very fortunate that we no longer face many of these diseases on a daily or even regular basis. So fortunate that…sometimes it can be easy to forget how dangerous they are, or even that they still exist. Personally, I don’t spend much time worrying about polio. However, individuals in Pakistan and Afghanistan cannot say the same because there are still cases of polio in those countries. I live in a country where it has been eliminated, and my family has been vaccinated against it.

We have seen a resurgence of measles in the U.S., and part of that is because we live in a society where global travel is easy and fairly convenient. Unvaccinated people may travel to places where there are measles and bring the disease back to the U.S. with them.

Sometimes people see decreased rates of diseases and think, “I don’t need to get a vaccine for that! It’s not a big issue anymore!” However, that is a false sense of security. The reason the rates are lower is because of ongoing vaccination.

Take this analogy: Joe has high blood pressure. A doctor prescribes Joe medication and his blood pressure goes down over time. Joe thinks, “Hey, now I don’t have high blood pressure, so I don’t need to take this medication!” and Joe stops taking the blood pressure medicine. Well…what do we know is going to happen?

When Joe stops taking his medication, his blood pressure is going to go up again. The reason it went down was because it was being maintained by the medicine he was taking. The same is true for vaccines and the diseases they prevent.

Vaccine-preventable diseases are expensive

Health care can have high costs for individuals, their families, and even for society overall. This can be in the form of doctor visits, medication, hospital stays, and other direct medical costs. It can also be costly by forcing your child to miss days of school, and you having to miss days of work to care for him or her, or having to pay someone to care for your child while you work. A vaccine followed by no sick visits to the doctor, no medicines, no hospital stays, and no missed work or school and no paying for extra childcare is a much wiser (and less painful) investment.

It’s more than just your child’s health at stake

Vaccines prevent infectious diseases, meaning diseases that are spread easily from one person to another. When you child gets sick from one of these diseases, it puts many other people at risk, too. Children come in contact with other children, teachers, siblings, parents, grandparents, among others, and children somehow tend to touch everything (which is one of life’s mysteries). When a child gets sick, it may quickly put numerous others at risk, and some of those people may be extra vulnerable to illness, making diseases riskier for them than the average person. Also, in a previous post, I discussed the concept of herd immunity. By making sure your child is vaccinated, you are doing your part to increase the immunity of the community as a whole, helping protect those who are not able to be vaccinated for health reasons.

What’s the take-home message?

These are just a small handful of reasons why it is so important for your child to stay current on their vaccinations, but I wanted to highlight these because I think they are some of the most important ones. Staying up-to-date on vaccines is so important! With our busy lives and the overactive world we live in, it is easy to let deadlines slip by, but vaccines should be something that you make a top priority. You will never look back and regret protecting your child from suffering a painful or deadly disease. As parents, preventing whatever harm we can is the least we can do for our children. It takes work to stay well, and until they are old enough to be out on their own, our kids are depending on us to keep them healthy.

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About Dr. Casey

Dr. Casey, PhD, MPH, is Director of Epidemiology and Public Health and associate professor of family medicine at the University of South Alabama Whiddon College of Medicine with a concurrent appointment in USA Health Mitchell Cancer Institute’s Division of Cancer Control and Prevention; she is also Director of the Masters of Public Health Program at Spring Hill College. Dr. Casey holds a masters and doctoral degrees in Public Health from the University of Alabama at Birmingham and a postdoctoral fellowship at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.

Her research interests include behavioral epidemiology, childhood/adolescent vaccination, cancer prevention, health communication, and reducing health disparities, emphasizing rural settings. Dr. Casey is a staunch advocate for increasing vaccination to lower rates of preventable diseases; she has led several studies to improve vaccine uptake.

Dr. Casey has held top leadership roles with non-profit organizations such as VAX2STOP CANCER, was elected Chair of Alabama’s Cancer Control Coalition, and is on the executive committee of Alabama’s vaccination task force. She is active in many prominent organizations, including the American Public Health Association and Society of Behavioral Medicine. With over 50 scientific publications and numerous national presentations, and invited talks, Dr. Casey is a widely respected expert in the field of vaccination.

Vaccinations Q&A: What You Need to Know

Q: Why are vaccinations important for public health?

A: Vaccinations play a critical role in public health by preventing the spread of infectious diseases. They protect individuals from potentially serious illnesses and reduce the risk of outbreaks, helping to create “herd immunity” that shields vulnerable populations, such as those who can’t get vaccinated for medical reasons.

Q: How do vaccines work?

A: Vaccines stimulate the body’s immune system to recognize and fight specific pathogens, such as viruses or bacteria. They introduce harmless or weakened forms of these pathogens, or pieces of them, into the body. This triggers an immune response, teaching the body to recognize and attack the pathogen if encountered in the future.

Q: What types of vaccines are available?

A: There are several types of vaccines, including:

  • Live-attenuated vaccines: Contain weakened forms of the virus or bacteria, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine.
  • Inactivated vaccines: Contain killed pathogens, such as the polio vaccine.
  • Subunit, recombinant, and conjugate vaccines Contain parts of the pathogen (like proteins or sugars), such as the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine.
  • mRNA vaccines: Contain genetic material that instructs cells to produce a protein from the pathogen, triggering an immune response, such as the COVID-19 vaccines.

Q: Are vaccines safe?

A: Vaccines undergo rigorous safety and efficacy testing before being approved for use. They are continually monitored for safety, with rare and generally mild adverse effects, such as soreness at the injection site or mild fever. The benefits of vaccination far outweigh the risks, making them a vital part of preventative healthcare.

Q: How often should I get vaccinated?

A: The frequency of vaccinations depends on the type of vaccine. Some vaccines, like the MMR or polio, provide lifelong immunity after a single course. Others, such as the flu vaccine, must be administered annually due to changing virus strains. It’s essential to consult a healthcare provider to determine the appropriate vaccination schedule for you and your family.

Q: What about booster shots?

A: Booster shots are additional vaccine doses that enhance or prolong immunity. They are recommended for certain vaccines, such as COVID-19 or tetanus shots, to maintain effective protection. Always check with a healthcare professional to see if booster shots are necessary.

Q: Can I get vaccinated if I have allergies?

A: In most cases, individuals with allergies can receive vaccines. However, it’s crucial to inform your healthcare provider about any allergies you have. They can assess the risks and recommend a suitable vaccine or approach to mitigate potential reactions.

Q: How do vaccinations benefit the community?

A: Vaccinations protect individuals and the community by reducing the spread of contagious diseases. Widespread vaccination helps create herd immunity, which shields vulnerable individuals who can’t be vaccinated due to medical reasons. This communal protection contributes to healthier populations overall.

In conclusion, vaccinations are a key component of individual and public health, protecting against potentially harmful diseases and reducing their spread. We can safeguard ourselves and our communities by staying informed and keeping up with recommended vaccines.

Celebrating Mother’s Day and the Importance of Getting Vaccinated

Mother’s Day is a cherished time to honor the incredible women who have nurtured, guided, and showered us with love. It’s a day to celebrate the selfless care and sacrifice that moms offer, often putting their family’s needs above their own. Beyond the flowers, cards, and heartfelt messages, Mother’s Day is an opportunity to reflect on the well-being of our families and communities. This year, one significant way to honor our mothers and families is by considering the importance of vaccinations.

The Link Between Mother’s Day and Vaccination

Motherhood is synonymous with care and protection. Mothers play a pivotal role in family health, nurturing their children and ensuring they grow up healthy. Vaccination is a crucial aspect of this role, offering protection against potentially harmful diseases. Vaccination can serve as a gesture of love and care, not just for mothers themselves but for their families and communities.

Protecting Mothers and Families

Vaccines offer a shield against diseases that can cause serious health complications. For example, flu vaccines reduce the risk of severe flu-related illnesses and hospitalizations, which can be especially important for families with young children, older adults, or individuals with underlying health conditions. Similarly, COVID-19 vaccines have been pivotal in reducing the spread of the virus and its associated complications.

For mothers, getting vaccinated can mean peace of mind, knowing they are less likely to bring illness into their homes. It also sets an example for their families, emphasizing the importance of health and preventative care.

Community Immunity

When we consider vaccination, it’s not just about individual health; it’s also about community health. Widespread vaccination can create “herd immunity,” reducing the spread of contagious diseases and protecting vulnerable individuals who cannot be vaccinated for medical reasons. This communal benefit reinforces the notion that getting vaccinated is a personal choice and a societal responsibility.

A Timely Gesture of Love

On Mother’s Day, consider vaccination a meaningful gesture of love. If you haven’t already, make an appointment to get vaccinated or encourage your loved ones to do the same. This step can protect yourself and your family and community, embodying the caring and nurturing spirit that defines motherhood.

This Mother’s Day, let’s go beyond the traditional celebrations and proactively protect our families and communities. Vaccinations are critical to preventative healthcare, reducing the risk of disease and safeguarding the health of those we love. By embracing vaccination, we can honor the caring legacy of motherhood and ensure a healthier future for all. So, this Mother’s Day, let’s give the gift of health, protection, and love by getting vaccinated.

The Relationship Between the Health of our Pets and our Children

More people heading outdoors to bask in the warmer weather and explore Mother Nature also brings us closer to our fellow inhabitants of the world, our furry friends: dogs. As a responsible pet owner, ensuring the health and well-being of your furry companion is undoubtedly a top priority. Vaccinating your dog safeguards its health and plays a significant role in protecting your family, especially your children.

Several vaccines are needed to protect dogs from various infectious diseases, including distemper, parvovirus, hepatitis, kennel cough, and rabies. These illnesses can spread rapidly and have serious outcomes. Rabies is a disease that affects dogs and humans. It can easily be transmitted to humans through bites or scratches.

Once contracted, the virus attacks the nervous system and, if left untreated, is almost always fatal. The symptoms of rabies can vary, with an incubation period ranging from days to more than a year. However, once the virus reaches the brain, it causes flu-like symptoms, leading to aggressive behaviour and eventual paralysis, followed by respiratory and cardiac failure. While this is on the extreme side of infections, dogs can also pass along other illnesses to your children through close contact, such as licking or sharing food and water bowls.

In the event of rabies infection, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) entails promptly administering human rabies immune globulin (HRIG) and rabies vaccine following exposure. Additional doses are then administered on days 3, 7, and 14 to ensure comprehensive protection against the virus. HRIG and vaccine are recommended for those not previously vaccinated, regardless of the type of exposure. However, individuals who are previously vaccinated or undergoing pre-exposure vaccination should only receive the vaccine.

While we love to see children bond with dogs, children must clean themselves after playing for several reasons. Maintaining hygiene standards is important because dogs can harbour dirt, germs, and parasites like fleas or ticks, and washing hands mitigates the risk of spreading potential pathogens. Additionally, some children may have allergies triggered by dog dander, saliva, or fur, so washing hands and changing clothes helps minimize exposure to allergens. Ensuring your child washes up afterward also reduces the likelihood of contracting other illnesses such as E. coli or Salmonella.

While wildlife is much more likely to get rabies than domestic pets in the United States, people interact with domestic animals more than wildlife, especially in the spring and summertime. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately 5,000 animal rabies cases are reported annually, with more than 90% found in wildlife. Each year, rabies kills around 59,000 people worldwide and is a common disease in certain countries. Human fatalities from rabies are rare but do occur in people who don’t seek medical care.

It’s important to be aware of the risk of this disease when you head out for hikes and even walks in your local neighbourhood. It’s always important to keep your pets up to date on their rabies vaccination to prevent them from acquiring the disease from wildlife and transmitting it to those you love, especially children.

Sources:

CDC: Rabies in the U.S.

CDC: Healthy Pets, Healthy People

American Veterinary Medical Association: Vaccination

Get Ahead of the Spring Season by Getting Vaccinated Against Pneumococcal

As we welcome the warmer temperatures and start planning our vacations, it’s important to remember that this season also brings certain health risks, particularly for children. One such risk is pneumococcal disease, a potentially serious infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. While pneumococcal can occur at any time of the year, it tends to rise during the spring months, making it essential for parents to understand the importance of vaccination in safeguarding their children’s health.

Pneumococcal infections can range from pneumonia, meningitis and bloodstream infections. These illnesses can lead to severe complications, hospitalization, and even death, especially in young children whose immune systems are still developing. During spring, fluctuating temperatures, increased pollen levels, and more time spent outdoors can contribute to the spread of pneumococcal.

While people get excited about the change in seasons and often check their passports to see if they’re expired, it’s also important to ensure you are up-to-date with your vaccines. Vaccination against pneumococcal is the most effective way to prevent infection and reduce its impact. The pneumococcal vaccine is typically administered in early childhood as part of routine immunization schedules. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) advises administering the vaccine to all children under five years old. Infants should receive the vaccine in four doses at specific ages: 2, 4, and 6 months, and a final dose between 12 and 15 months.

Parents need to stay informed about the pneumococcal vaccine and ensure that their children receive the recommended doses according to the vaccination schedule healthcare professionals provide. It’s also important to watch for other illnesses that surge during this time of year.

Spring can be notorious for the resurgence of certain contagious diseases, such as:

Influenza: While flu season typically peaks in the winter, influenza viruses can still circulate into the spring months, causing flu-like symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, fatigue, and headaches.

Chickenpox (Varicella): This highly contagious viral infection spreads more easily in the spring. It causes an itchy rash, blister-like lesions, fever, and general discomfort.

Pertussis (Whooping Cough): Pertussis is a bacterial infection known for its severe coughing fits. It can be particularly dangerous for infants and young children.

Several vaccines are available for these infections, but other ways exist to protect yourself from illness. Maintaining good hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing with soap and water, especially after being in public spaces, is important. Additionally, practicing respiratory hygiene by covering your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing can help prevent the spread of germs. Regular exercise, managing stress levels, and ensuring adequate sleep are also crucial for overall health and immunity. Lastly, and most importantly, staying up to date with vaccinations recommended by healthcare professionals can provide added protection against seasonal illnesses.

Sources

CDC: Pneumococcal Disease

CDC: Pneumococcal Vaccine Recommendations

National Foundation for Infectious Diseases: Pneumococcal Disease and Children

The Importance of Keeping Children’s Vaccination Records Up-to-Date

A parent’s primary concern is the health and well-being of their children. There are many factors to ensuring our children are safe especially when they are young and developing. One crucial aspect of this is keeping children’s vaccination records current. Vaccines help to prevent common diseases that can seriously harm or even kill infants, children, and adults. If children are not vaccinated, they run the risk of becoming seriously ill or even dying from diseases such as measles and whooping cough. Maintaining accurate vaccination records can be challenging, but there are practical tips on how to stay organized and ensure you are on top of your child’s health.

Vaccine records are comprehensive documentation of the vaccines your child has received. These records help keep track of vaccines received and provide your healthcare provider with your child’s immunization history. These records are essential for various reasons. There are schools and childcare facilities that require up-to-date vaccination records for enrollment. If you are traveling, some destinations may have specific vaccination requirements due to region-specific diseases. Finally, vaccine documentation is important in case of a medical emergency. This information enables healthcare providers to quickly assess a child’s immunization history to determine the most appropriate course of action.

The vaccination process starts just a few months after a child’s birth and extends into their adolescence. Here is a general timeframe of vaccines children need:

Birth to 2 Months:

This stage is the most important to start building a strong immune system for your child. infants typically receive the Hepatitis B vaccine shortly after birth. Other vaccines, such as the DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis), Hib (Haemophilus influenza type b), IPV (inactivated poliovirus), and PCV13 (pneumococcal conjugate) vaccines, are administered at two months of age.

4 to 6 Months:

From four to six months of age, booster shots are given out for the vaccines taken at two months. This ensures infants have ongoing protection against the diseases listed above. The Rotavirus vaccine, designed to prevent severe diarrhea caused by the Rotavirus, is also administered during this period.

6 to 18 Months:

Around six months, the third dose of the Hepatitis B vaccine is given, completing that series. At this stage, children also receive the third dose of the DTaP, Hib, IPV, PCV13, and Rotavirus vaccines. At this age, the annual seasonal influenza vaccine is also recommended.

12 to 15 Months:

Children usually receive the first dose of the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) and the Varicella (chickenpox) vaccines between their first and second birthdays. These vaccines provide immunity against highly contagious diseases, preventing severe complications.

18 to 24 Months:

The final doses of the DTaP, Hib, IPV, and PCV13 vaccines are administered during this timeframe. The Hepatitis A vaccine is also recommended, given in two doses at least six months apart.

4 to 6 Years:

Between four and six years of age, children receive booster doses of the DTaP, MMR, and Varicella vaccines. Additionally, the fourth dose of the IPV vaccine is administered, completing the primary series.

Adolescence:

As children enter adolescence, certain vaccinations may require booster shots or additional doses. The Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis) vaccine is typically given at age 11 or 12, followed by a Td (tetanus and diphtheria) booster every ten years thereafter. The HPV (human papillomavirus) vaccine is recommended for both boys and girls around the same age to prevent certain types of cancers.

Understanding the timeframe and tracking when children need to get vaccinated is important to making informed decisions.

To keep track of their schedule you can create your record system. You can develop a dedicated folder whether it is a physical or digital folder for your child’s vaccination records. This will serve as a centralized and easily accessible location for all related documents. You can ensure the accuracy of your records by including important details such as the vaccine name, date of administration, administering healthcare provider, and the lot number. You can also set reminders for yourself, such as an alert on your phone or using a calendar app to stay informed about upcoming vaccinations and booster shots.

There are further steps you can take to ensure you are ready and organized, such as requesting copies of updated vaccination records from healthcare providers after each administration. You can also stay well-informed about the recommended vaccination schedule for your child’s specific age by referring to guidelines provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The organization provides an in-depth schedule that has the recommended vaccine for different stages of your child’s life.

While all these steps are important to maintaining the records of your child’s vaccination, it’s also important to discuss with your healthcare provider about questions you may have about vaccines. In the age of information, it’s crucial to approach vaccine-related content on the Internet with caution and to always ask a professional before making a final decision. It’s important to understand that extensive lab testing is done before a new vaccine is given to people. Even when testing is completed, it can still take years before clinical studies are complete and the vaccine is licensed.

After a vaccine is licensed, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), CDC, National Institutes of Health (NIH), and other federal agencies continue routine monitoring and investigate any potential safety concerns.

By staying organized and maintaining accurate up-to-date vaccination records for your child, you can ensure your children are safe, especially during the developing stage of life. Regularly updating these records is a simple and effective way to protect your child and those around them from preventable diseases. Prioritize this task, and you’ll be laying a strong foundation for your child’s healthy and happy life.

. . .

Sources:

Centers for Disease Control and Preventions: Vaccine Schedule

National Library of Medicine: Immunization in the United States: Recommendations, Barriers, and Measures to Improve Compliance

Standford Medicine Children’s Health: Why Childhood Immunizations Are Important

Vaccine Effectiveness: How Well Do Flu Vaccines Work?

Every year, millions of people contract the flu, making it one of the most contagious and dangerous illnesses around. While there is no cure for the flu virus, vaccines are a great way to help protect yourself and others against it. Vaccines work by stimulating your immune system to produce antibodies that can fight off the virus in the case of an infection.

In this blog post, we’ll explore how well vaccines work, their availability, and why they’re crucial for maintaining herd immunity. We’ll also look at vaccine rates in Tennessee and provide information on how to get vaccinated. Ultimately, we encourage everyone to get a flu shot yearly to protect themselves and their families from this dangerous illness.

Understanding the impact of flu vaccines

Every year, the flu virus affects millions worldwide and can cause serious complications. The best way to protect ourselves from these complications is by getting an annual flu vaccine. Flu vaccines are designed to reduce the risk of infection and help prevent severe complications from the flu, affecting up to 20% of people in the United States annually. As the virus strains change over time, it is essential to update the vaccine each year to provide maximum effectiveness against circulating strains.

The flu vaccine is available in various forms, including injections, nasal sprays, and intradermal injections. Vaccines can be administered to children as young as six months old, and it’s recommended that everyone over the age of 6 months should receive a flu vaccine each year. In addition to protecting oneself from getting sick with the flu virus, vaccinating helps protect others by creating herd immunity within communities when enough people are immunized against a disease.

When deciding whether or not to get a flu vaccine for yourself or your family members, there are several factors that you should consider. How effective is the vaccine? Is it safe? How long does it last? Are there any side effects? Answering these questions will help determine if a flu shot is right for you and your loved ones this season.

The science behind flu vaccines

The science behind flu vaccines is a complex but vital component of herd immunity. Vaccines introduce a weakened or dead version of the virus to the body, which triggers the production of antibodies that fight off future infections. Different types of vaccines work differently, with some stimulating an immune response to a weakened version of the virus while others use dead versions.

The effectiveness of a vaccine also depends on how well it was manufactured and stored before administration. Vaccines must be kept at an optimal temperature for them to remain effective and safe to use. It’s also important to note that immunity from vaccinations can wane over time and vary between individuals, so getting vaccinated early in the season is critical for maximum effectiveness.

Different types of flu vaccines have different levels of effectiveness depending on age, health status, and other factors like manufacturing processes and storage conditions. Inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs) are generally more effective than live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs). IIVs are created using killed forms of viruses, while LAIVs contain live but weakened forms. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), IIVs are typically 60–70% effective against all circulating influenza viruses among children aged six months through 8 years old during seasons when most circulating viruses match those included in the vaccine. For adults older than 18, effectiveness ranges from 40–60% when most circulating strains are similar to those in the vaccine composition.

No matter what type you choose, though, remember that vaccination is one of your best defenses against contracting or spreading influenza this season! Getting vaccinated every year is essential because new strains emerge each year, and immunities can fade over time — so make sure you get your annual flu shot!

Vaccine options and availability

Vaccine options and availability are essential factors to consider when deciding whether or not to get a flu vaccine. Different types of flu vaccines are available, each with its benefits and risks. Inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs) are the most commonly used vaccine, but live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) may also be available in some cases. The age range for which a particular vaccine is recommended can vary by manufacturer, so it is essential to check which types of vaccines are suitable for your age group before getting vaccinated.

The availability of different types of flu vaccines may depend on location, as certain manufacturers produce specific types that may not be widely available in all areas. It is essential to research the availability of your preferred flu vaccine in your area before opting for vaccination. Some locations also provide free or discounted vaccinations depending on age and financial circumstances, so it is worth checking if this applies to you as well.

In addition to investigating the availability and type of flu vaccine best suited for you, it is also essential to consider any potential side effects or risks associated with each one. Some individuals may have an allergic reaction or other adverse effects from certain types of vaccines, so consulting a medical professional before getting vaccinated is advised. Furthermore, everyone over six months old must receive the most up-to-date version of the vaccine every year to ensure maximum effectiveness against influenza viruses currently circulating in the community.

By researching different types and availability of flu vaccines based on individual needs and preferences, readers can make an informed decision about whether or not they should get vaccinated each year with confidence. Knowing where to find reliable information about flu vaccination options will help readers stay up-to-date on the latest developments in this area and make sure they are doing all they can to protect themselves from contracting or spreading influenza viruses within their communities.

Protecting yourself and others with vaccination

Protecting yourself and others with vaccination is essential for maintaining herd immunity and reducing the spread of influenza. Vaccination each year is the best way to protect yourself from the flu, as the vaccine helps your body build up immunity to certain strains of the virus. It is also vital to stay up-to-date on your vaccinations, as immunity can become less effective over time.

In addition to getting vaccinated, other precautions can help reduce your risk of contracting or spreading influenza. Regular hand washing and avoiding close contact with sick people will reduce your chances of infection. Vaccinating vulnerable populations such as young children, pregnant women, and those with weakened immune systems is also essential in preventing outbreaks. By vaccinating these groups, we can help build herd immunity — meaning even those who cannot get vaccinated are protected by the immunization of those around them.

The need for seasonal flu vaccinations is critical this year due to COVID-19: a common cold or influenza infection could complicate efforts to slow down the spread of coronavirus. Getting a flu shot can help keep you from getting sick this season, and it will also help prevent hospitals from being overwhelmed by an influx of cases.

Ultimately, it’s important to remember that everyone should get their flu shot every year regardless of whether they think they’re at risk or not — it’s the only way we can truly protect ourselves and our communities from influenza viruses. So make sure you get your annual vaccine so you can stay safe throughout this upcoming season!

Exploring vaccine rates in the state of Tennessee

Tennessee is committed to providing high-quality, affordable health care to its citizens. This includes the state’s Get Your Shot campaign, which aims to improve flu vaccination rates and reduce the risk of influenza-related illnesses and deaths. In 2019, the Tennessee Department of Health launched this initiative to raise public awareness about the importance of getting a flu shot each year.

The campaign encourages everyone over six months old to get an annual flu vaccine, particularly those who are uninsured or underinsured. To further increase access to free vaccines, the program provides free vaccinations for children up to 18 years old through federally funded programs like Vaccines for Children (VFC) and other local providers.

In terms of results, Tennessee saw an impressive 2% increase in its flu vaccination rate from 2019–2020. With more people getting vaccinated each year, it’s becoming easier for herd immunity levels to be reached across the state. This is important because when enough people are vaccinated against a virus such as influenza, it can protect entire communities by reducing its spread from person to person.

Overall, Tennesseans should get a flu shot every year to protect themselves and their families from contracting or spreading influenza viruses. In addition, by increasing vaccination rates within the state, we can help bring us one step closer to achieving herd immunity — something that will significantly benefit all Tennesseans in the long run.

Sources: 1, 2

  • According to the search results, the data on Tennessee’s flu vaccination rate came from the Tennessee Department of Health’s Immunization Status Survey for 2020
  • The survey provides statewide statistics on immunization coverage rates in Tennessee and tracks progress toward achieving at least 90% on-time immunization with each routinely recommended vaccine before age two years. The survey also analyzes seasonal flu immunization rates, which are significantly lower than the Healthy People 2020 objective.
  • The survey found that during the 2019–2020 flu season, proper flu vaccination of all people
  • The survey reported that Tennessee saw an impressive 2% increase in its flu vaccination rate from 2019–2020.
  • The increase in flu vaccination rates is a positive trend that makes it easier for herd immunity levels to be reached across the state.
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