Author: endeavoruser

The Relationship Between the Health of our Pets and our Children

More people heading outdoors to bask in the warmer weather and explore Mother Nature also brings us closer to our fellow inhabitants of the world, our furry friends: dogs. As a responsible pet owner, ensuring the health and well-being of your furry companion is undoubtedly a top priority. Vaccinating your dog safeguards its health and plays a significant role in protecting your family, especially your children.

Several vaccines are needed to protect dogs from various infectious diseases, including distemper, parvovirus, hepatitis, kennel cough, and rabies. These illnesses can spread rapidly and have serious outcomes. Rabies is a disease that affects dogs and humans. It can easily be transmitted to humans through bites or scratches.

Once contracted, the virus attacks the nervous system and, if left untreated, is almost always fatal. The symptoms of rabies can vary, with an incubation period ranging from days to more than a year. However, once the virus reaches the brain, it causes flu-like symptoms, leading to aggressive behaviour and eventual paralysis, followed by respiratory and cardiac failure. While this is on the extreme side of infections, dogs can also pass along other illnesses to your children through close contact, such as licking or sharing food and water bowls.

In the event of rabies infection, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) entails promptly administering human rabies immune globulin (HRIG) and rabies vaccine following exposure. Additional doses are then administered on days 3, 7, and 14 to ensure comprehensive protection against the virus. HRIG and vaccine are recommended for those not previously vaccinated, regardless of the type of exposure. However, individuals who are previously vaccinated or undergoing pre-exposure vaccination should only receive the vaccine.

While we love to see children bond with dogs, children must clean themselves after playing for several reasons. Maintaining hygiene standards is important because dogs can harbour dirt, germs, and parasites like fleas or ticks, and washing hands mitigates the risk of spreading potential pathogens. Additionally, some children may have allergies triggered by dog dander, saliva, or fur, so washing hands and changing clothes helps minimize exposure to allergens. Ensuring your child washes up afterward also reduces the likelihood of contracting other illnesses such as E. coli or Salmonella.

While wildlife is much more likely to get rabies than domestic pets in the United States, people interact with domestic animals more than wildlife, especially in the spring and summertime. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately 5,000 animal rabies cases are reported annually, with more than 90% found in wildlife. Each year, rabies kills around 59,000 people worldwide and is a common disease in certain countries. Human fatalities from rabies are rare but do occur in people who don’t seek medical care.

It’s important to be aware of the risk of this disease when you head out for hikes and even walks in your local neighbourhood. It’s always important to keep your pets up to date on their rabies vaccination to prevent them from acquiring the disease from wildlife and transmitting it to those you love, especially children.

Sources:

CDC: Rabies in the U.S.

CDC: Healthy Pets, Healthy People

American Veterinary Medical Association: Vaccination

Categories
Dr. Casey

Can an “Eliminated Disease” Become Un-eliminated?

Did you know that there are certain diseases that are considered eliminated in some parts of the world? If you are anything like me or my students, your first thought might be — How? Or maybe just — Wow. Or, I am sure there are plenty of people out there whose first thought is — Prove it, and/or — Yeah, right. Regardless, it is a pretty amazing concept to think about: Eliminating. A. Disease. But before I get too far ahead of myself, I want to explain what I mean by “elimination.”

Control, Eliminate, Eradicate

These are three important terms in public health and in general healthcare when it comes to diseases, so I want to take a minute to explain them one at a time.

Control. Control means using treatment and taking actions to make the outcomes of a disease better and to minimize its spread. Think about influenza (the flu), for example. Seasonal flu comes around every year, and we cannot completely prevent it (although vaccines help a lot!). So, we control the flu by doing things like: avoiding contact with people who are sick, washing our hands frequently, and disinfecting shared surfaces, among other things.

Eliminate. Elimination means stopping a certain disease from being transmitted in a specific location or area, but not removing the disease worldwide. Basically, clearing a region of a specific disease. In the United States, we can thank Dr. Jonas Salk and the vaccine he developed for eliminating polio. Actually, polio has been eliminated from almost every country in the world, which is a good lead in to the next term…

Eradicate. A disease is declared eradicated when it is not found or transmitted anywhere in the world. It seems practically impossible. In fact, only two infectious diseases have been completely eradicated…ever. The only human disease that has been officially eradicated is smallpox (in 1980). I will probably come back to smallpox sometime because it is a fascinating and amazing journey, but for now, the main thing to know is that, thankfully, it is something we do not have to worry about!

What Diseases Have Been Eliminated in the U.S.?

In the U.S., the following human diseases are considered eliminated: smallpox, malaria, polio, rubella, mumps, diphtheria, and measles, with several other diseases close to reaching that status. This means that, even though there might be some cases of these diseases here and there, there have been no ongoing disease transmissions for over a year. We have had so much success eliminating many of these diseases largely thanks to vaccines that have given people protection from being infected. However, back to our original question…

Can a Disease Lose Its Elimination Status?

Unfortunately, the answer is YES. Elimination does not mean that a disease cannot come back to a region or area, but usually, cases of that disease would come in from another place (like visitors bringing germs along). When an event like this happens, the next steps really depend on what the community is like. For example, if visitors bring in a few cases of the mumps, but members of the community are all up to date on their vaccines (which include mumps), then these outsider cases probably won’t have a huge effect on the people there. However, if members of the community have started thinking they aren’t at risk for mumps because no one ever gets it where they live, and they have stopped getting vaccinated for it, then they are far more likely to catch the mumps that are now in their area, and to spread it to others who have lowered their guards and stopped vaccinating.

Why Is This Important Right Now?

Understanding the importance of how diseases spread — and right under our noses without us suspecting anything — is critical. Right now, we are seeing an example of this every day when it comes to the measles. As a refresher, measles is a serious, even life-threatening virus that is mainly transmitted through the air (when people cough or sneeze, for example) and through other close contact. Measles is one of the most contagious of all infectious diseases! The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) say that up to 9 out of 10 susceptible people who have close contact with a measles patient will develop measles. The disease is especially common among children, but measles can be prevented through a combined vaccine often called “MMR” (meaning it vaccinates against measles-mumps-rubella). Just one does of MMR vaccine is around 93% effective at preventing measles!

In fact, in large part due to measles vaccines, measles was declared eliminated in the U.S. in 2000. Unfortunately, the case isn’t closed. Right now, we are getting closer and closer to measles being “un-eliminated” in the U.S. as the numbers of measles cases continues climbing. Between January 1, 2020 and March 28, 2024, the US has had 338 documented cases of the measles. But, 29% of those cases were in just the first quarter of 2024, which is not a good sign for case numbers for the rest of the year.

Some important things to know are that, of the 338 measles cases, two out of three patients (68%) were unvaccinated for measles. Another 29% of these cases did not know if they had been vaccinated or not, showing how important it is to know our own medical history and advocate for ourselves. Unfortunately, the numbers given here reflect the general population’s prevention, as measles vaccinations have been steadily decreasing for several years.

The Double-Edged Sword of Successful Disease Prevention

This is what I tend to think of as a double-edged sword in the amazing job that public health and medicine have done in eliminating measles in the U.S. It is remarkable that, in the present day, the risk of measles is so low that most people have gone their whole lives without experiencing or even seeing the life-threatening effects of measles. While that is a huge achievement, it tends to lower the population’s guard for protecting against the disease. People are less likely to understand how severe measles can be. And because people do not feel as threatened by measles, they are less likely to take preventive actions like vaccination. When something seems less “real,” or like it doesn’t apply to us, we are not motivated to take action, and this applies far beyond health. For example, I am probably not actively thinking about what kind of maintenance I could or should be doing for my car on a daily basis. I am triggered to action when a “change oil” light comes on. It’s not that I don’t like my car or am just lazy; it is more that, as a society, we have so many things going on at once, that many things do not get our attention until they become a problem or we feel threatened.

So what is critical, is that we don’t fall into the trap of false security just because things seem stable. We cannot treat our health, and the health of others, as a guarantee until it’s not. Because one day, it is possible, and even likely, that there could be a resurgence, change, or unexpected happening in health as we know it, and we want to be protected and to protect others if and when that happens. We should never pass up opportunities to prevent diseases when they are easily available. We should always hope and strive for the best, but prepare for anything we can.

. . .

For More Information

To read more about polio and the development of its life-saving vaccine, check out the World Health Organization’s page: History of the Polio Vaccine

https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/history-of-vaccination/history-of-polio-vaccination#:~:text=By%201994%2C%20polio%20had%20been,in%20less%20than%202%20decades.

To read about the crusade against and successful defeat of smallpox, head to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention site and take a look at their History of Smallpox page. It is pretty incredible to see what humans were able to accomplish with the world working together!

https://www.google.com/search?q=when+was+smallpox+eradicated&rlz=1C1GCEB_enUS1070US1070&oq=when+was+small&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUqBwgAEAAYgAQyBwgAEAAYgAQyBggBEEUYOTIHCAIQABiABDIHCAMQABiABDIHCAQQABiABDIHCAUQABiABDIHCAYQABiABDIHCAcQABiABDIHCAgQABiABDIHCAkQABiABNIBCDI3NTRqMGo3qAIAsAIA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

To read a lot more information about measles and vaccination and see where I found some of my information for this post, visit the “Measles (Rubeola)” page on the CDC website:

https://www.cdc.gov/measles/index.html

. . .

About Dr. Casey

Dr. Casey, PhD, MPH, is Director of Epidemiology and Public Health and associate professor of family medicine at the University of South Alabama Whiddon College of Medicine with a concurrent appointment in USA Health Mitchell Cancer Institute’s Division of Cancer Control and Prevention; she is also Director of the Masters of Public Health Program at Spring Hill College. Dr. Casey holds a masters and doctoral degrees in Public Health from the University of Alabama at Birmingham and a postdoctoral fellowship at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.

Her research interests include behavioral epidemiology, childhood/adolescent vaccination, cancer prevention, health communication, and reducing health disparities, emphasizing rural settings. Dr. Casey is a staunch advocate for increasing vaccination to lower rates of preventable diseases; she has led several studies to improve vaccine uptake.

Dr. Casey has held top leadership roles with non-profit organizations such as VAX2STOP CANCER, was elected Chair of Alabama’s Cancer Control Coalition, and is on the executive committee of Alabama’s vaccination task force. She is active in many prominent organizations, including the American Public Health Association and Society of Behavioral Medicine. With over 50 scientific publications and numerous national presentations, and invited talks, Dr. Casey is a widely respected expert in the field of vaccination.

Categories
Dr. Casey

How Vaccines Keep Us Safe from Everyday Germs

Many consider vaccines to be one of the greatest achievements in medicine. Many even consider vaccines to be one of the most important inventions in all of human history. Vaccines (which are also called vaccinations or immunizations) save millions of lives every year by helping a person’s body learn how to protect itself from certain diseases.

What do vaccines protect against?

Vaccines help protect against illnesses called infectious diseases. Infectious diseases are caused by germs like bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi. These are germs we are exposed to almost every day in some way. But sometimes these germs can get into your body, multiply, and cause an infection. There are many different kinds of infectious diseases, and some of them are very common. You have probably heard of many of them and you might have even been sick with an infectious disease at some time in your life. Some examples of infectious diseases that many people have heard of are chickenpox, flu (which is short for influenza), hepatitis, measles, meningitis, and polio. These are just some examples of the many types of infectious diseases out there.

While we cannot avoid all the germs that can cause these diseases, there are things we can do to lower the chances of getting sick. One of the most important things we can do is to get vaccinated when possible. There are many safe and effective vaccines that can help protect us from different diseases. Vaccines help train your immune system to work faster and give better protection from some serious diseases.

What is the immune system?

The immune system is a complex system in your body made of organs, tissues, and cells that helps protect you from harmful germs. The main job of the immune system is to keep you healthy. When germs like bacteria and viruses get into your body and cause an infection, your immune system fights the infection and the germs that caused it. Vaccines work with your immune system to make your protection from a disease even stronger.

How do vaccines work?

Vaccines help teach your immune system how to recognize and fight germs that can cause infections. Different vaccines help protect from different diseases, and many of these are serious diseases. For example, a chickenpox vaccine teaches your body to identify and fight germs that can cause chickenpox. With the help of a vaccine, your immune system can fight an infection better and faster.

Many vaccines have a very small amount of weak or dead germs for the diseases they prevent. So when you get a vaccine, your immune system thinks a bad germ has gotten into your body. The germs from the vaccine won’t make you sick, but they will make your kick your immune system into action. Your immune system will help to fight off the germ and will remember it, so if that type of germ ever enters your body again, your immune system will know to attack it. That’s right; you can be protected from a serious disease without having to get sick!

Even if a vaccine does not totally prevent a disease, it lowers the chances of the illness being as serious, which means a faster and easier recovery. It also lowers the chances of spreading the illness to others. Vaccines protect you and the people around you. Since they were invented, the number of adults, children, and babies who get sick or die from diseases that can be prevented by vaccines has gone down incredibly. Some diseases have even been eliminated thanks to vaccines!

But as long as there are germs and diseases, people will get sick. No matter how careful we are, there are many things we can’t control. That’s why it’s so important to take whatever actions we can to keep ourselves and the people around us healthy. One of the easiest things we can do with a huge impact on protecting health is getting vaccinated.

. . .

About Dr. Casey

Dr. Casey, PhD, MPH, is Director of Epidemiology and Public Health and associate professor of family medicine at the University of South Alabama Whiddon College of Medicine with a concurrent appointment in USA Health Mitchell Cancer Institute’s Division of Cancer Control and Prevention; she is also Director of the Masters of Public Health Program at Spring Hill College. Dr. Casey holds a masters and doctoral degrees in Public Health from the University of Alabama at Birmingham and a postdoctoral fellowship at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.

Her research interests include behavioral epidemiology, childhood/adolescent vaccination, cancer prevention, health communication, and reducing health disparities, emphasizing rural settings. Dr. Casey is a staunch advocate for increasing vaccination to lower rates of preventable diseases; she has led several studies to improve vaccine uptake.

Dr. Casey has held top leadership roles with non-profit organizations such as VAX2STOP CANCER, was elected Chair of Alabama’s Cancer Control Coalition, and is on the executive committee of Alabama’s vaccination task force. She is active in many prominent organizations, including the American Public Health Association and Society of Behavioral Medicine. With over 50 scientific publications and numerous national presentations and invited talks, Dr. Casey is a widely respected expert in the field of vaccination.

The Importance of Maternal RSV Vaccination for Expectant Mothers

Every year in the United States, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) sends between 58,000 and 80,000 children under the age of 5 to the hospital, with infants facing the highest risks.

RSV is a common respiratory virus that can affect people of all ages. However, it poses a particularly serious threat to those who are pregnant. While in the womb, a baby’s immune system is still developing, making them easily susceptible to various infections. Studies have suggested that the viruses can enter the bloodstream and pass into the placenta. Babies who are born with exposure to RSV are more likely to have lower birth weight, with one study reporting that newborns born to people who had RSV during the third trimester could have some breathing problems related to RSV.

Several advancements have been made in vaccinating people against RSV. This past season marked the first time the U.S. had two vaccines to reduce the risk of contracting RSV. One vaccine targets pregnant individuals, enabling antibody transfer to their infants, while the other, nirsevimab, is a monoclonal antibody directly administered to infants.

But who should get the maternal RSV vaccine? According to CDC guidelines, pregnant individuals who are between 32 and 36 weeks gestation during the peak RSV season, which typically spans from September through January, should receive the vaccine.

The administration of the maternal RSV vaccine is a straightforward process. It involves a single shot into the upper arm of the expectant mother. Only one dose is recommended during pregnancy, and while the necessity of additional doses in subsequent pregnancies is yet to be determined, the initial dose provides significant protection for both the mother and the baby. Studies have shown that babies born to mothers who received the RSV vaccine are at a significantly lower risk of hospitalization due to RSV, with a reduction in risk by up to 57% during the first six months of life.

In clinical trials, pregnant individuals receiving the maternal RSV vaccine commonly experienced side effects like injection site pain, headache, muscle pain, and nausea. It’s important to note that these side effects are generally mild and temporary. Although rare, more serious side effects like pre-eclampsia, a serious high blood pressure condition, occurred slightly more frequently in vaccinated individuals compared to those who received a placebo. Severe allergic reactions to vaccines, though rare, can occur, and immediate medical attention is necessary if symptoms like hives, swelling, or difficulty breathing arise.

Despite these minor risks, steps should be taken to ensure your baby is protected from RSV, including vaccination. If you are unsure about vaccines or have questions, consider talking with your healthcare provider about options and steps you can take to prevent severe RSV.

Sources

CDC: RSV Vaccination for Pregnant People

National Library of Medicine: Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection (RSV)

National Library of Medicine: Respiratory Syncytial Virus Is the Leading Cause of United States Infant Hospitalizations, 2009–2019: A Study of the National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample

Get Ahead of the Spring Season by Getting Vaccinated Against Pneumococcal

As we welcome the warmer temperatures and start planning our vacations, it’s important to remember that this season also brings certain health risks, particularly for children. One such risk is pneumococcal disease, a potentially serious infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. While pneumococcal can occur at any time of the year, it tends to rise during the spring months, making it essential for parents to understand the importance of vaccination in safeguarding their children’s health.

Pneumococcal infections can range from pneumonia, meningitis and bloodstream infections. These illnesses can lead to severe complications, hospitalization, and even death, especially in young children whose immune systems are still developing. During spring, fluctuating temperatures, increased pollen levels, and more time spent outdoors can contribute to the spread of pneumococcal.

While people get excited about the change in seasons and often check their passports to see if they’re expired, it’s also important to ensure you are up-to-date with your vaccines. Vaccination against pneumococcal is the most effective way to prevent infection and reduce its impact. The pneumococcal vaccine is typically administered in early childhood as part of routine immunization schedules. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) advises administering the vaccine to all children under five years old. Infants should receive the vaccine in four doses at specific ages: 2, 4, and 6 months, and a final dose between 12 and 15 months.

Parents need to stay informed about the pneumococcal vaccine and ensure that their children receive the recommended doses according to the vaccination schedule healthcare professionals provide. It’s also important to watch for other illnesses that surge during this time of year.

Spring can be notorious for the resurgence of certain contagious diseases, such as:

Influenza: While flu season typically peaks in the winter, influenza viruses can still circulate into the spring months, causing flu-like symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, fatigue, and headaches.

Chickenpox (Varicella): This highly contagious viral infection spreads more easily in the spring. It causes an itchy rash, blister-like lesions, fever, and general discomfort.

Pertussis (Whooping Cough): Pertussis is a bacterial infection known for its severe coughing fits. It can be particularly dangerous for infants and young children.

Several vaccines are available for these infections, but other ways exist to protect yourself from illness. Maintaining good hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing with soap and water, especially after being in public spaces, is important. Additionally, practicing respiratory hygiene by covering your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing can help prevent the spread of germs. Regular exercise, managing stress levels, and ensuring adequate sleep are also crucial for overall health and immunity. Lastly, and most importantly, staying up to date with vaccinations recommended by healthcare professionals can provide added protection against seasonal illnesses.

Sources

CDC: Pneumococcal Disease

CDC: Pneumococcal Vaccine Recommendations

National Foundation for Infectious Diseases: Pneumococcal Disease and Children

Healthy Kids, Bright Futures: The Connection Between Vaccinations and Student Success in Tennessee

Immunizations play a crucial role in safeguarding children’s health and academic journey, with concrete evidence showcasing the significant impact of vaccinations on school attendance and scholastic achievement. Through compelling case studies, this narrative delves into real-life examples that elucidate the correlation between vaccinations, decreased sick days, and enhanced academic performance among Tennessee students. By exploring these stories, we aim to equip Tennessee parents with insightful perspectives on the profound influence that immunizations can have on their children’s educational success, encouraging proactive choices for brighter futures.

Understanding the Importance of Vaccinations

Connection between Vaccinations and Health

Vaccines are key in maintaining children’s health and protecting against infectious diseases. They prepare the body’s immune system to recognize and combat pathogens. This is particularly critical for children whose immune systems are still developing and who are more vulnerable to illnesses and complications. For instance, measles can lead to serious health problems like pneumonia or encephalitis, but these risks are greatly reduced with vaccination. In Tennessee, widespread immunization efforts have led to a decline in many preventable diseases, contributing to healthier communities. Children who stay healthy can attend school regularly, which is fundamental to their educational growth and overall development. Ensuring that children receive recommended vaccinations on time is essential for parents to help nurture a healthy future for their kids.

Why Vaccines Matter for Education

Vaccinations are more than just a healthcare imperative; they are a critical component of a child’s educational foundation. Vaccines reduce the number of school days missed due to sickness by preventing illness. This uninterrupted attendance is conducive to better learning, ensuring children are present for key lessons and educational activities. Moreover, schools are environments where infections can spread rapidly due to close contact among students. Immunizations play a pivotal role in reducing the spread of diseases within the school setting, protecting the vaccinated individual and their peers. This herd immunity is especially valuable in protecting those who cannot be vaccinated for medical reasons. In Tennessee, investment in students’ health through vaccinations is an investment in their education and the broader goal of a more literate, capable future workforce.

Impact of Vaccinations on Student Success

Case Studies: Vaccines and School Attendance

Evidence from case studies across Tennessee illustrates the direct impact vaccinations have on school attendance. For example, a school in Nashville reported a significant decrease in absenteeism after initiating an influenza vaccination program with Health Hero. Before the program, flu outbreaks resulted in considerable classroom disruptions each winter. After the program’s implementation, not only did student attendance improve, but there was also a noticeable decrease in staff sick leaves. In another instance, a rural school district introduced a Hepatitis B vaccination drive, which markedly reduced cases of the disease and related absences. These real-life examples underscore the effectiveness of vaccines in preventing illnesses that lead to missed school days. By prioritizing vaccinations, schools can ensure that students maintain consistent attendance, a crucial factor in academic success.

Insights: Vaccines and Academic Performance

The link between vaccinations and academic performance is supported by research indicating that healthy children are better learners. In Tennessee, studies have observed that students with up-to-date vaccination records tend to have higher grades and test scores. This can be attributed to vaccines reducing the number of school days missed due to illness, allowing students to benefit from more classroom time and continuity in learning. Additionally, healthy children are more likely to participate in class, pay attention, and engage with the material, contributing to better academic outcomes. Furthermore, schools with high vaccination rates report fewer outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases, which can cause widespread absenteeism and disrupt learning for extended periods. These insights clarify that vaccinations are vital for health and enable students to reach their full academic potential.

Closing the Gap: Increasing Vaccination Rates in Tennessee

Vaccination and The Role of Parents

Parents play a critical role in improving vaccination rates in Tennessee. They are the primary decision-makers for their children’s health care and are responsible for ensuring that their children receive the necessary immunizations. This begins with understanding the vaccination schedule and the importance of adhering to it. Staying informed about the types of vaccines and the diseases they prevent is also crucial. Parents can seek information from reliable sources such as pediatricians, school health officials, and public health departments. By keeping their children’s vaccinations up to date, parents help protect their children and fortify the community’s health by contributing to herd immunity. Encouraging dialogue between parents and healthcare providers can address concerns and dispel vaccination myths, leading to higher vaccination rates and healthier schools.

Empowering a Healthier, Brighter Future With Vaccines

Vaccinations are a cornerstone of public health that pave the way for a healthier and brighter future for the children of Tennessee. When communities embrace immunization, they are setting up their youth for success by laying a foundation of good health, which is essential for learning and development. Increasing vaccination rates requires a collective effort that includes parents, schools, healthcare providers, and community leaders. By working together, these stakeholders can create effective communication strategies that emphasize the benefits of vaccines and promote their uptake. Educational programs can help to dispel myths and provide clear, evidence-based information about the safety and effectiveness of vaccines. With the right knowledge, Tennessee communities can empower themselves to make informed decisions about immunizations, leading to higher academic achievements for students and a more robust public health infrastructure.

Celebrating Adolescent Immunization Week: A Call to Action for Healthier Futures

Adolescent Immunization Week is an opportune time to spotlight the critical role vaccines play in safeguarding the health of our young population. This annual observance reminds us of the importance of vaccination in preventing serious, sometimes deadly, diseases among adolescents. It’s a call to action for parents, healthcare providers, and communities to protect our adolescents through immunization.

The Importance of Vaccines for Adolescents

Vaccines are among the most effective tools for preventing infectious diseases. Immunization is particularly crucial for adolescents as it protects them during these formative years and sets the foundation for a healthy adult life. Vaccines recommended for this age group protect against meningitis, human papillomavirus (HPV), tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and influenza.

Bridging the Immunization Gap

Despite vaccines’ proven benefits, adolescent immunization coverage remains a significant gap worldwide. Various factors contribute to this gap, including lack of awareness, misconceptions about vaccine safety, accessibility issues, and the perceived low risk of disease among this age group. Adolescent Immunization Week aims to address these challenges by increasing awareness about the importance of vaccines, dispelling myths, and improving access to immunization services.

Engaging Adolescents and Their Families

A key aspect of increasing adolescent immunization rates is engaging them and their families in meaningful conversations about vaccines. Healthcare providers play a crucial role in this process by providing accurate information, addressing concerns, and making vaccination a part of routine healthcare for adolescents.

The Role of Schools and Communities

Schools and community organizations are pivotal in promoting adolescent immunization. They can provide educational programs, facilitate vaccine access, and create supportive environments encouraging vaccination. Collaborating with local health departments and clinics to organize vaccination drives and informational sessions can significantly enhance immunization coverage.

Overcoming Challenges

To improve adolescent immunization rates, it’s essential to overcome challenges such as vaccine hesitancy and accessibility. This requires a multifaceted approach, including:

  • Educating parents and guardians about the importance of vaccines and the diseases they prevent.
  • Making vaccines more accessible by offering them in schools, community centers, and through mobile vaccination units.
  • Addressing vaccine hesitancy by engaging trusted community leaders and healthcare providers to share evidence-based vaccine safety and efficacy information.

A Call to Action

Adolescent Immunization Week is more than just a campaign; it’s a movement toward creating healthier communities. By ensuring that adolescents are fully vaccinated, we can protect them from preventable diseases, reduce the spread of infections, and build a stronger public health infrastructure.

As we observe this important week, let’s all commit to taking action. Whether you’re a parent, healthcare provider, educator, or community leader, you have a role in promoting adolescent immunization. Together, we can achieve higher vaccination rates and ensure a healthier future for our adolescents.

Adolescent Immunization Week reminds us of the power of vaccines to protect our youth and the importance of collective action in promoting public health. By focusing on education, accessibility, and engagement, we can overcome barriers to immunization and ensure that all adolescents have the opportunity to lead healthy, productive lives. Let’s use this week to renew our commitment to adolescent health and immunization.

Mpox: Symptoms, Transmission, and Prevention

In recent years, Mpox, formerly known as Monkeypox, has seen a concerning rise in the United States. Health officials have warned about its potential to cause outbreaks and its similarities to smallpox.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention case count map, over 32,000 cases of Mpox were discovered in the U.S. in 2022, and over 400 of those were in Tennessee. Although most of these cases have subsided, experts advise that the virus still threatens high-risk individuals.

What is Mpox or Monkeypox?

Mpox, or Monkeypox, is a viral disease belonging to the Orthopoxvirus genus, which also includes the variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox. The disease was first identified in 1958 in laboratory monkeys, but it was later found to infect rodents. Human cases of Monkeypox were initially identified in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Since then, outbreaks have occurred sporadically in Central and West African countries.

Symptoms of Mpox

The symptoms of Monkeypox are similar to those of smallpox, albeit generally less severe. They typically appear within 5 to 21 days after exposure to the virus and can include:

● Fever

● Headache

● Muscle aches

● Backache

● Swollen lymph nodes

● Chills

● Exhaustion

A rash often follows, spreading on the face to other body parts. The rash evolves from raised bumps to fluid-filled vesicles, eventually crusting over and scabs. In severe cases, complications such as pneumonia can arise, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.

How Mpox Spreads

Mpox primarily spreads through contact with infected animals (such as rodents) or bodily fluids. Human-to-human transmission can occur through close contact with respiratory secretions, lesions, or contaminated objects such as bedding or clothing. The risk of transmission is highest during the early stages of the rash when the virus is most abundant in the lesions and respiratory secretions.

Mpox Vaccination

Jynneos is a vaccine that provides immunization against both smallpox and monkeypox. The vaccine is a live, attenuated (weakened) form of the viruses, which means it contains weakened forms of the viruses that cause smallpox and monkeypox. This vaccine is administered in two doses and is recommended for individuals exposed to Mpox or those who have had a sexual partner within the past two weeks who were infected.

Similar to many vaccines, the Jynneos shot primarily prevents severe illness but may not guarantee complete infection avoidance. Full protection typically takes about two weeks after the second dose, administered 28 days after the first dose. Experts recommend that individuals who have only one shot still get the second dose to maximize protection.

Those who have completed both doses are considered fully vaccinated. Public health authorities are investigating whether a booster dose may be necessary to enhance protection, as early research suggests that antibody levels decline one year after vaccination.

Monkeypox remains a relatively rare but concerning infectious disease, particularly in regions where outbreaks have occurred. While the disease is generally less severe than smallpox, it can still cause significant illness and complications, especially in vulnerable populations. In December, the CDC issued a health alert to notify healthcare providers about a distinct strain of the virus, which research indicates is more contagious and leads to more severe illness than the subtype linked to the 2022 outbreak in the US.

Prevention remains key in controlling the spread of Mpox. Staying vigilant, detecting early, and using effective public health measures are essential for controlling outbreaks and preventing the spread of this disease.

Sources:

CDC: 2022–2023 U.S. Map & Case Count

CDC: Mpox

CDC: Emergency Preparedness and Response

National Library of Medicine: Mpox (Monkeypox)

How to Determine Your Measles Vaccination Status

In the maze of childhood memories and medical records, it’s not uncommon to forget whether you’ve had specific vaccinations, especially ones administered in early childhood. The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine is no exception. If you find yourself uncertain about whether you received the measles vaccination, don’t worry — you’re not alone. Fortunately, there are steps you can take to determine your vaccination status and ensure you’re protected against this highly contagious disease.

Understanding the Importance of Measles Vaccination

Measles is a viral infection that can lead to serious complications, particularly in young children and adults. Symptoms include high fever, cough, runny nose, and a characteristic red rash. While measles was once a common childhood illness, widespread vaccination efforts have significantly reduced its prevalence. However, outbreaks still occur, emphasizing the importance of vaccination to prevent the spread of this disease.

Steps to Determine Your Vaccination Status

1. Check Your Immunization Records:

  • Start by reviewing any available immunization records, such as those from your healthcare provider, school, or previous employers. These records may include documentation of the measles vaccination.

2. Contact Your Healthcare Provider:

  • If you’re unable to locate your immunization records or if they’re incomplete, reach out to your healthcare provider. They can access your medical history and vaccination records to determine whether you’ve received the measles vaccine.

3. Consider Your Age:

  • If you were born before 1957, you’re likely considered immune to measles because the disease was prevalent before the introduction of the measles vaccine. However, if you were born after 1957 and are unsure whether you received the vaccine, it’s essential to confirm your vaccination status.

4. Assess Your Risk Factors:

  • Consider factors that may increase your risk of exposure to measles, such as travel to areas where measles is endemic or outbreaks are occurring, occupation (e.g., healthcare workers), or contact with individuals who have measles. If you believe you’re at increased risk, it’s crucial to confirm your vaccination status and, if necessary, receive the vaccine.

5. Serologic Testing:

  • In some cases, your healthcare provider may recommend serologic testing to check for immunity to measles. This involves a blood test to measure the presence of measles antibodies, which can indicate whether you’ve been vaccinated or have had the disease in the past.

The Importance of Measles Vaccination

Measles vaccination is not only essential for individual protection but also for community immunity. By ensuring that you’re vaccinated against measles, you not only safeguard your health but also contribute to the prevention of outbreaks and the protection of those who are unable to be vaccinated, such as individuals with compromised immune systems.

Conclusion

If you’re unsure whether you’ve had the measles vaccination, don’t hesitate to take steps to confirm your vaccination status. Checking your immunization records, consulting with your healthcare provider, and considering your risk factors are all important in ensuring you’re protected against this potentially serious disease. By taking proactive measures to confirm your vaccination status, you’re not only protecting yourself but also contributing to the collective effort to prevent the spread of measles. Your health and the health of your community depend on it.

The Surprising Impact of Measles Virus on Your Immunity to Other Infections

Explore the lesser-known consequences of the measles virus, which extends far beyond its immediate symptoms. Research reveals that measles can significantly weaken our immune system’s memory, reducing preexisting antibodies that protect us against other infections. This insight into the measles virus’s impact on our immunity to different pathogens underscores the critical need to comprehend the extensive repercussions of this viral infection. Read on to understand the vital connection between measles and reduced immunity to other diseases, emphasizing the urgency of taking measures to protect your health.

Unveiling the Dark Side of Measles

How Measles Attacks Your Immunity

Measles is not just a childhood disease with a rash and fever; it has a more insidious side. The virus directly targets immune cells, particularly those responsible for memory. Imagine the immune system as a library of past infections. Measles acts like a fire, burning down sections of this library. The result is “immune amnesia,” where the body forgets how to fight off illnesses it once knew how to defeat. This leaves individuals vulnerable to infections they had previously conquered or had been vaccinated against, ranging from the flu to more severe diseases. By undermining the immune system’s memory, measles can erase the protection gained over years, or even decades, in just a matter of days following infection.

The Disastrous Aftermath of a Measles Infection

The consequences of measles extend far beyond the initial illness. After a measles infection, individuals are at a heightened risk for other diseases. This period of increased vulnerability can last for several years. Studies have shown that measles can lead to a spike in hospitalizations for other infections, which can strain healthcare systems. This is particularly troubling for communities with low vaccination rates, where measles can spread rapidly, potentially leading to outbreaks of other diseases. The impact is not limited to the individual; it ripples through families, schools, and workplaces. The economic burden is also significant, with increased medical costs and lost productivity. The aftermath of measles, therefore, poses a serious public health challenge that requires attention and resources to ensure the protection and resilience of our communities.

The Unseen Damage

Measles and Your Body’s Defense Mechanisms

Measles has a profound effect on the body’s defense mechanisms. The virus explicitly targets two cell types critical to the immune response: memory B and T cells. These cells are the custodians of immunological memory, the aspect of the immune system that recognizes and mounts a swift attack against previously encountered pathogens. When measles infects these cells, it reduces their population, weakening the body’s ability to remember and respond to past threats. Furthermore, the virus can also impair the production of new antibodies. This means that the immune system’s memory is disrupted, and its ability to learn from new infections is compromised. As a result, the body becomes more susceptible to various illnesses, turning an individual who was once immune into a blank slate regarding infectious disease defense.

Understanding the Role of Preexisting Antibodies

Preexisting antibodies are the immune system’s first line of defense against pathogens. They are produced by B cells as a response to infections or vaccinations and provide a form of “memory” that helps the body to recognize and neutralize invaders it has encountered before quickly. When the measles virus invades, it can deplete these crucial antibodies, erasing this memory. The loss of preexisting antibodies leaves individuals susceptible to diseases they might have been protected against, such as influenza, pneumonia, and even some gastrointestinal infections. It’s not just about losing a battle against measles; it’s about losing the war against numerous other pathogens that the body once knew how to fight. This knowledge underscores the importance of preventing measles infections, maintaining the integrity of our immune defenses, and safeguarding our long-term health.

Taking Precautionary Measures

The Need for Prompt Action

Prompt action is essential given the severe implications of measles on the immune system. The window for effective intervention is small, as the virus can spread quickly and covertly. Vaccination is the most powerful tool in our arsenal, offering a safe and effective means of preventing measles and its cascade of adverse effects. It’s imperative that individuals, especially in areas with low immunization rates, recognize the urgency to vaccinate. Health authorities should intensify their efforts to inform the public about the risks of measles and the benefits of vaccination. Collaborative community initiatives can play a crucial role in increasing vaccine coverage. The goal is to preempt outbreaks and sustain herd immunity, protecting those who are most vulnerable, including infants and individuals with compromised immune systems. Immediate action is not just a personal health measure; it’s a communal responsibility.

Safeguarding Your Immunity from Measles

Protecting your immunity from measles is crucial, and vaccination is the best way to do this. The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine is effective and has a long-standing safety track record. By getting vaccinated, you protect yourself and contribute to the broader community’s health by preventing the spread of the virus. In addition to vaccination, good hygiene practices, like regular handwashing and using sanitizers, can reduce the risk of transmission. It’s also important to stay informed about measles’s signs and symptoms and seek medical attention promptly if infection is suspected. Health education campaigns can be instrumental in dispelling myths and encouraging proactive health behaviors. By taking these steps, we can fortify our individual and collective health defenses against the measles virus and its extensive impact on our immunity.

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