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Meningitis Cases on the Rise in the United States

In recent months, there has been a concerning increase in meningitis cases across the United States. Warnings have been issued, and campaigns have been launched to increase awareness about this potentially deadly disease. Typically, between 1,000 to 2,600 cases of bacterial meningitis are found yearly in the United States. Despite appropriate treatment, about 10–15% of these cases result in death. It isn’t uncommon for those infected to experience mild symptoms and die within 24 hours. That’s why it’s essential to understand the risks and learn about prevention.

What is Meningitis?

Meningitis is an inflammation of the brain and spinal cord protective membranes, known as the meninges. Various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, can cause it. The severity and treatment of meningitis depends on its cause. Bacterial meningitis, for example, is often more severe and can be fatal if not treated, whereas viral meningitis tends to be less severe and often resolves without specific treatment.

Meningitis Vaccination Recommendations

Age Groups for Meningitis Vaccination:

  1. Children and Adolescents

First Dose: Children should receive their first meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MenACWY) dose at 11 to 12 years old.

Booster Dose: A booster dose is recommended at age 16 to provide continued protection when they are at the highest risk.

2. Young Adults:

If a teenager misses getting the vaccine at the recommended age, it’s essential to get vaccinated as soon as possible, especially before entering college or university, mainly if living in a dormitory setting.

3. Infants and Young Children:

Some infants and young children (ages 2 months to 10 years) may need the meningococcal vaccine if they have certain health conditions, such as a damaged spleen or no spleen, or if they are traveling to or residing in areas where meningococcal disease is common.

4. Adults:

Adults who are first-year college students living in a residence hall and have not been vaccinated need the MenACWY vaccine.

Military recruits should also receive the vaccine.

Adults with certain medical conditions or those traveling to areas where the disease is common should also be vaccinated.

Booster Shots:

  • The primary booster dose should be given at age 16. Still, additional booster shots may be recommended for individuals at continued risk, such as those with certain medical conditions, travelers to high-risk areas, and individuals in outbreak situations.

Who Meningitis Affects the Most

  1. Infants and Young Children:

Infants under 1 year of age are at higher risk because their immune systems are not fully developed.

2. Adolescents and Young Adults:

Teenagers and young adults (16–23 years) are at higher risk due to lifestyle factors, such as close living quarters in dormitories.

3. Individuals with Certain Medical Conditions:

People with weakened immune systems, including those with HIV, asplenia (no spleen), or complement component deficiencies, are at increased risk.

4. Travelers to High-Risk Areas:

Individuals traveling to parts of the world where meningococcal disease is more common, such as the “meningitis belt” in sub-Saharan Africa, are at higher risk.

5. Communities with Outbreaks:

Specific communities or populations can be at higher risk during outbreaks and may need targeted vaccination efforts.

Vaccination is a crucial preventative measure against meningitis. To ensure continued protection, it’s essential to follow the recommended vaccination schedule and be aware of booster shot requirements, especially for those in high-risk groups.

Recent Increase in Cases

Several factors have contributed to the recent rise in meningitis cases in the United States. Public health experts point to increased population density in certain areas, vaccination coverage changes, and travel.

In 2023, the United States reported 422 cases of meningitis, marking the highest number since 2014. By March 2024, there have already been 143 cases, indicating a potential increase compared to the previous year.

A specific strain, sequence type (ST) 1466, has recently surged in the United States. This strain accounted for 68% of serogroup Y cases with available sequence data in 2023. The majority of these cases have disproportionately affected specific demographics, such as people ages 30 to 60, Black Americans, and people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Potential Consequences of Contracting Meningitis

Meningitis is a severe condition involving inflammation of the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. If not treated promptly, it can lead to severe health complications and even death.

Here are some potential consequences:

Immediate Symptoms:

  1. Severe Headache: One of the most common and severe symptoms.
  2. Fever: Often high and accompanied by chills.
  3. Stiff Neck: Difficulty moving the neck due to inflammation.
  4. Nausea and Vomiting: Can occur frequently.
  5. Sensitivity to Light: Also known as photophobia.
  6. Altered Mental State: Confusion, lethargy, or difficulty waking up.

Short-Term Complications:

  1. Sepsis: Blood poisoning that can lead to shock and organ failure.
  2. Seizures: Due to increased pressure on the brain.
  3. Hearing Loss: Can occur during or after recovery.
  4. Vision Problems: Including sensitivity to light and temporary or permanent vision loss.
  5. Joint Pain: Due to inflammation.

Long-Term Consequences:

  1. Cognitive Impairments: Memory loss, difficulty concentrating, and other cognitive issues.
  2. Learning Disabilities: Especially in children, who may experience developmental delays.
  3. Motor Skills Impairment: Difficulty with coordination and movement.
  4. Hearing Loss: Can be permanent and may require hearing aids or other interventions.
  5. Amputations: In severe cases of meningococcal meningitis, sepsis can lead to tissue damage and the need for amputations.

Life-Threatening Risks:

  1. Brain Damage: Due to prolonged inflammation and increased intracranial pressure.
  2. Stroke: Caused by inflammation of blood vessels in the brain.
  3. Coma: Prolonged unconsciousness due to severe brain swelling.
  4. Death: Meningitis can be fatal if not treated promptly and effectively.

Psychological Impact:

  1. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Due to the severe nature of the illness and hospitalization.
  2. Anxiety and Depression: Ongoing mental health issues resulting from the experience and long-term complications.

Prompt medical attention and appropriate treatment are crucial to reducing the risk of severe complications and improving outcomes for those who contract meningitis. Vaccination is an effective preventative measure against the disease.

Prevention and Vaccination

Routine immunization can go a long way toward preventing meningitis. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the following vaccines:

● MenACWY Vaccine: Protects against four types of meningococcal bacteria (A, C, W, and Y). It is recommended for preteens and teens.

● MenB Vaccine: Protects against serogroup B meningococcal bacteria and is recommended for people aged 16–23.

● Pneumococcal Vaccine: Protects against Streptococcus pneumoniae, which can cause bacterial meningitis.

● Hib Vaccine: Protects against Haemophilus influenza type b, another bacterial cause of meningitis.

Maintaining up-to-date vaccinations is crucial, especially when specific diseases increase within the community.

The recent rise in meningitis cases in the United States reminds us of the importance of understanding the causes, recognizing the symptoms, and prioritizing prevention through vaccination. Most cases of bacterial meningitis start to appear in the winter and spring, underscoring the need for heightened awareness, particularly in settings such as schools, college campuses, and other communal environments where the disease can spread rapidly.

Sources:

CDC: Cases of Meningococcal Disease Are Increasing in the United States

CDC: Emergency Preparedness and Response

WHO: Meningitis

Local Business, Global Impact: How One Shop Owner is Championing Vaccination

In the bustling heart of Nashville, Tennessee, one local business owner significantly impacts public health. Meet Sarah Parker, the passionate owner of “Sarah’s Corner Café.” Known for her warm hospitality and delicious coffee, Sarah is also becoming known for her unwavering commitment to promoting vaccination within her community as part of the “Healthy Together Tennessee” initiative.

The Heart Behind the Advocacy

Sarah’s journey as a vaccination advocate began during the height of flu season a few years ago. She noticed how quickly illnesses could spread among her staff and customers, affecting not just her health but also the livelihood of her business. Motivated by a desire to protect her community, Sarah decided to take a stand.

“I’ve always believed in the power of community,” says Sarah. “When we look out for each other, we all benefit. Vaccination is a key part of that.”

Encouraging Employees and Customers

Sarah’s first step was to ensure the protection of her staff. She organized on-site vaccination clinics at the café, making it convenient for her employees to get vaccinated. She also provided educational materials and invited local health experts to speak about the benefits of vaccines.

“My employees are like family to me,” Sarah explains. “I wanted to ensure they had all the information and resources they needed to make informed decisions about their health.”

For customers, Sarah’s approach was equally proactive. She partnered with Health Hero and the “Health Together Tennessee” campaign to offer free informational brochures and vaccination schedules. Additionally, she used her café’s social media platforms to share facts about vaccines and debunk common myths.

“We have a diverse customer base, from young college students to elderly patrons,” says Sarah. “It’s important to reach everyone with accurate information and encourage them to protect themselves and others.”

A Ripple Effect in the Community

Sarah’s efforts have had a noticeable impact on the community. Her café has become a hub of health awareness, and her advocacy has inspired other local businesses to follow suit. By promoting vaccination, Sarah is helping to create a healthier environment where businesses can thrive and people can feel safe.

“Seeing other business owners get involved has been incredibly rewarding,” Sarah reflects. “It shows that when one person takes a stand, it can inspire a whole community to unite for the greater good.”

The Broader Impact: Business Continuity and Community Well-Being

The benefits of Sarah’s advocacy extend beyond health. By encouraging vaccination, she is helping to ensure business continuity. Healthy employees mean fewer sick days and a more stable workforce. A safe and healthy environment for customers means they can enjoy their favourite café without fear of illness.

“Vaccination isn’t just about individual health; it’s about economic stability and community resilience,” Sarah emphasizes. “When people are healthy, businesses can stay open, and communities can thrive.”

The Role of Local Businesses in Promoting Public Health

Sarah’s story highlights local businesses’ vital role in promoting public health. By taking a proactive stance, business owners can significantly contribute to the well-being of their communities. Sarah’s Corner Café is a shining example of how one person’s commitment can make a global impact.

Join the “Health Together Tennessee” Movement

Inspired by Sarah’s story? You can make a difference, too. Whether you’re a business owner or a community member, advocating for vaccination helps protect everyone. The “Health Together Tennessee” campaign supports you in promoting vaccination and health awareness in your area.

Together, we can ensure that Tennessee remains a beacon of health and resilience. Let’s champion vaccination and create a safer, healthier future for all.

Visit our website for more information on vaccination schedules and to locate a Health Hero clinic; your health and the health of your loved ones are worth protecting. Let’s continue to unite our community through the power of vaccination with “Healthy Together Tennessee.”

Healthy Together: The Secret to More Family Time

There’s something magical about seeing three generations of a family gathered together, sharing laughter, stories, and love. These moments become even more precious when made possible by a collective commitment to health. In this blog, we’ll explore the joy of a multi-generational family celebration and how staying healthy and fully vaccinated has allowed them to spend more time together, protecting those they love most.

A Day to Remember

Picture a sunny afternoon in Tennessee, where the Thompson family is gathered for a backyard barbecue. The scent of grilled vegetables and chicken fills the air, and children’s laughter echoes as they play. At the center of this joyful scene is Grandma Rose, the family matriarch, who has faced several health scares over the past few years. Today, she’s all smiles, surrounded by her children and grandchildren, everyone fully vaccinated to ensure her safety and well-being.

The Gift of Togetherness

For the Thompson family, getting vaccinated was about more than just protecting themselves — it was about safeguarding the time they spend with Grandma Rose. After her health challenges, they realized the importance of taking every step possible to keep her safe. Vaccinations became their way of showing love and care, a small action with a huge impact.

Creating Cherished Memories

The family barbecue is filled with special moments. Grandpa Joe tells his famous tall tales to the grandkids, who listen with wide eyes and giggles. Aunt Lisa teaches her nieces and nephews her secret recipe for apple pie, passing down culinary traditions. The teenagers take a break from their phones to join in a spirited game of charades, bridging the gap between generations with laughter.

The Role of Health in Family Life

Staying healthy together means more opportunities for creating these cherished memories. By prioritizing vaccinations, the Thompson family can gather without worrying about putting Grandma Rose at risk. They can enjoy spontaneous visits, holiday celebrations, and everyday moments that make life special.

Health Hero: Supporting Family Wellness

At Health Hero, we believe in the power of family and the importance of protecting those we love. Our vaccination clinics in Tennessee are dedicated to providing safe, effective vaccines that help families stay healthy together. We understand that every family has unique health needs and are here to support you with expert care and resources.

Tips for a Healthy Family Life

Stay Informed: Keep up-to-date with the latest health recommendations from trusted sources like the CDC and WHO.

Get Vaccinated: Protect yourself and your loved ones by staying current with vaccinations.

Practice Healthy Habits: Encourage regular exercise, balanced nutrition, and routine check-ups for everyone in the family.

Spend Quality Time Together: Make time for family activities that everyone enjoys, from game nights to outdoor adventures.

Communicate Openly: Talk about health concerns and support each other in making informed decisions.

The Thompson family’s story is a beautiful reminder that the secret to more family time is being healthy together. They’ve created a strong foundation for lasting memories and a joyful life by taking proactive steps to protect each other’s health. At Health Hero, we’re here to help you do the same. Let’s celebrate the moments that matter most by staying healthy, happy, and together.

Visit www.healthherotn.com for more information on our vaccination clinics and how we can support your family’s health. Together, we can make every family moment count.

Summer Safety: Protect Your Children from West Nile Virus

As the temperature rises, so does the need for children to get outside. But as they are off exploring and discovering new things, it’s important to be aware of some potential health risks from the warmer months. This year, West Nile virus (WNV) has appeared in Middle Tennessee, as reported by the Metro Public Health Department (MPHD).

A mosquito pool in Rayon City tested positive for the virus, marking the initial detection of WNV in 2024. This also follows a high presence of the virus in mosquito pools last year, with nearly 23% of traps collected in 2023 showing positive results.

WNV is not a new illness in the United States. The country has experienced multiple outbreaks of WNV since it was first detected in New York in 1999. The first outbreak resulted in 62 confirmed cases and 7 deaths. After that, the virus rapidly spread across the country, and by 2002, WNV had been reported in virtually every state. The country saw the most impact during this time, with over 4,000 cases and 284 deaths in 2002. 2003 saw more than 9,800 cases and 264 deaths, making it one of the worst years for WNV in the U.S.

The symptoms of WNV infection can vary. Most people infected with WNV experience mild symptoms or are asymptomatic. Mild symptoms may include fever, headache, body aches, skin rash, and swollen lymph nodes. A small percentage of people infected with WNV develop severe illness, such as neuroinvasive disease (e.g., encephalitis or meningitis). These cases can require hospitalization.

While there is no known vaccine for this type of virus, research is ongoing to find specific treatments. Experimental therapies and approaches have been studied, including certain drugs that target viruses and treatments that use antibodies or immune modulators to fight the infection.

Because the West Nile virus can cause meningitis, ensuring your kids are vaccinated against meningitis is important. The CDC recommends that all children receive the meningococcal conjugate vaccine at 11 to 12, with a booster dose at 16. For children at higher risk, such as those with certain medical conditions or who travel to areas with higher rates of meningococcal disease, vaccination may be recommended at a younger age, and additional doses may be necessary. Ensuring your children are up-to-date with their vaccinations is crucial in protecting them from the serious complications associated with meningitis.

As mosquito bites are the primary transmission method of WNV, the following steps can be taken to reduce your risk:

Limit Outdoor Activities During Peak Mosquito Hours

Mosquitoes are most active during dusk and nighttime. Reducing your children’s outdoor playtime during these hours can significantly decrease their risk of mosquito bites. Plan indoor activities or ensure your outdoor spaces are well-protected during these times.

Use Approved Mosquito Repellents

Applying mosquito repellent is a highly effective way to prevent bites. Choose products approved by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which include those containing:

● DEET

● Picaridin

● Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus

Always follow the instructions on the label and reapply as directed, especially after swimming or sweating.

Dress Appropriately

When your children are outdoors during peak mosquito hours, ensure they are dressed in protective clothing. Here are some clothing tips to keep in mind:

● Wear shoes and socks: Open footwear provides easy access for mosquitoes.

● Opt for long sleeves and pants: These create a physical barrier between the skin and mosquitoes.

● Choose light-colored, tightly woven fabrics: Mosquitoes are less attracted to light colors, and tightly woven materials can help prevent bites.

● Tuck pant legs into shoes or socks: This prevents mosquitoes from reaching the skin under clothing.

● Button collars: This adds an extra layer of protection around the neck.

Additional Tips for a Mosquito-Free Summer

● Eliminate Standing Water: Mosquitoes breed in standing water. Regularly empty and clean items like bird baths, plant saucers, and pet water dishes.

● Use Mosquito Nets: Consider using mosquito nets over strollers and sleeping areas, especially if you live in a high-risk area.

● Install Fans Outdoors: Mosquitoes are weak fliers; a fan can help keep them at bay when your children play outside.

By implementing these precautions, you can help ensure a safe and enjoyable summer for your children, free from the threat of WNV. Stay informed, stay vigilant, and enjoy the sunny days ahead with peace of mind.

Source:

CDC: West Nile Virus

WHO: West Nile Virus

Tennessee Department of Health: West Nile Virus

From Farm to Family: Vaccination in Rural Tennessee Communities

Hello everyone! Grab a comfy seat and let’s chat about something as essential as morning coffee — community health and vaccination in rural Tennessee.

Meet the Johnsons: A Family Rooted in Tradition

First up, let us introduce you to the Johnson family. They’ve been farming the same land for generations, growing everything from tomatoes to cucumbers. But this year, they added something new to their farm’s legacy: getting vaccinated.

The Real Deal: Challenges in Rural Healthcare

Now, you might be wondering, “What’s the big deal?” In rural areas like ours, getting to the doctor isn’t always easy. With the nearest clinic miles away, it can feel like a long journey. Plus, when you’re running a farm, there’s always something that needs doing — cows to milk, fields to plow, and chickens that need feeding.

The Decision: Why the Johnsons Chose to Vaccinate

The Johnsons heard all kinds of stories about vaccinations, some of them pretty far-fetched. But they also knew the facts: vaccines protect not just them, but their whole community. “It’s like taking care of our crops,” Mr. Johnson said. “We’re making sure everything stays healthy.”

They also had a chat with their friendly neighborhood nurse, Betty, who visits the farm regularly. “She’s practically family,” Mrs. Johnson said. “She explained how vaccines work in simple terms, none of that complicated stuff.”

Community Spirit: Support from Local Healthcare Providers

Betty wasn’t the only one cheering them on. Health Hero set up a pop-up clinic right in town. No more long drives, just a quick trip into town.

The Outcome: A Healthier, Stronger Community

Since getting vaccinated, the Johnsons have felt a weight lifted off their shoulders. “It’s like when you finally get rain after a dry spell,” Mrs. Johnson said. “We feel safer, our neighbours feel safer, and we can keep on farming without worrying as much about getting sick.”

The Johnsons’ decision influenced others in the community. More and more people started getting vaccinated, and the town saw fewer illnesses and more peace of mind. It’s amazing what a little shot in the arm can do!

A Slice of Life: Humor and Heart

The Johnsons are just one family, but their story is relatable. It reminds us that even in the busy life of farming, taking a moment to care for ourselves and our community is crucial.

So, whether you’re working the fields or just tending your garden, remember: health is wealth. And getting vaccinated is one way we can all contribute to a healthier, happier Tennessee. Here’s to good health and strong communities!

Stay healthy, Tennessee, and remember — we’re all in this together, from farm to family.

www.healthherotn.com

Bird Flu Outbreak: What You Need to Know

With a second farmer in the United States infected with Avian Influenza A (H5N1), commonly known as bird flu, concerns have started to grow among medical experts. While bird flu infections in humans are rare, these cases show the potential for another virus to spread among humans. However, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has assured the public that there is currently no evidence of person-to-person bird flu transmission, categorizing the general public’s risk as low.

Where did the new wave of infections start?

H5N1 was first identified in geese in China in 1996, it has since caused outbreaks in various regions, including the U.S. The latest strain, Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI), began spreading in wild birds in Europe in 2020 and reached North America by late 2021. As of May 2024, outbreaks have been reported in poultry across 48 states and in dairy cattle in nine states.

Is there a concern about bird flu infecting cows?

There is a concern about the virus’s potential to mutate and infect dairy cows. However, In an update on May 10, the FDA announced that all 297 samples from their initial retail dairy product survey were negative for H5N1. The relatively mild manifestation of the disease in cows complicates tracking efforts.

Should people worry about bird flu in the food supply?

As noted above, there has been no live bird flu virus found in retail milk and dairy products, mainly due to pasteurization. Still, there are ways people can ensure the food they serve to their families remains safe from viral and bacterial pathogens.

Using a food thermometer is important to verify foods have reached a safe minimum internal temperature:

● Beef, bison, veal, lamb steaks, roasts, chops: 145°F

● Ground meat and sausage: 160°F

● Poultry: 165°F

When handling raw or uncooked meat and poultry, remember to always wash your hands with soap and water and disinfect cooking surfaces.

What are the signs you may have bird flu?

Symptoms can range from mild to severe, including conjunctivitis, cough, fatigue, fever, headaches, muscle aches, runny nose, and shortness of breath. The recent U.S. cases involved mild symptoms and full recoveries.

Are there vaccines or treatments for bird flu?

No bird flu vaccines are currently available, but antiviral drugs like oseltamivir phosphate and baloxavir marboxil are effective treatments if administered promptly. These antivirals can also be used prophylactically following exposure. While not connected to H5N1, the seasonal flu can reduce the risk of getting sick with human influenza viruses and the risk of seasonal and bird flu co-infection.

What should I know if I work around dairy cows?

Individuals with close or prolonged, unprotected exposure to infected birds or animals are at higher risk. If your job involves handling infected or potentially infected birds or other animals, follow these precautions:

● Use protective equipment such as gloves, an N95 respirator, or another well-fitted facemask.

● Wash your hands with soap and water after touching birds.

● Avoid touching your mouth, nose, or eyes after contact with birds or surfaces.

● Change your clothes before contacting healthy domestic poultry and after handling infected or potentially infected birds or animals. Dispose of the gloves and facemask and wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water.

Taking these precautions is crucial, especially if you have a family and young child at home who might have weaker immune systems.

Sources:

CDC: Avian Flu

FDA: Updates on Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI)

National Library of Medicine: The Bird Flu: A New Emerging Pandemic Threat And Its Pharmacological Intervention

The Need to Rebuild Trust in Vaccines with Measle Cases on the Rise

A concerning influx of measles in the United States is a reminder of the need to restore public trust in vaccines. Vaccines and broader preventive healthcare are critical for combating illnesses and diseases. When trust in these measures diminishes, preventable diseases rise, which is increasingly evident in part of the U.S.

As of May 16, 2024, 139 measles cases have been reported across 21 jurisdictions. This year has seen 10 outbreaks, 70% of the cases being outbreak-associated. In comparison, 2023 had four outbreaks, with 48% of the cases linked to outbreaks. The current cases involve many young children, with 45% under five years old, 22% aged 5–19, and 32% aged 20 and older. The vaccination status of the infected shows that 82% were unvaccinated or had unknown vaccination status, 13% had received one dose of the MMR vaccine, and 6% had received two doses.

Globally, The World Health Organization (WHO) reported 40 times more cases across 41 European countries in 2023 compared to 2022. Cases nearly doubled from 2022 to 2023, with 2024 figures projected to be even worse.

Understanding the Measles Resurgence

Measles is a highly infectious viral disease that can lead to severe health complications, including pneumonia, encephalitis, and even death. The United States declared measles eliminated in 2000, thanks to the widespread use of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. However, the recent outbreaks reveal gaps in vaccine coverage, often linked to misinformation and skepticism about vaccines.

Several factors contribute to the current situation:

  1. Misinformation and Disinformation: The increase of false information about vaccines, particularly through social media, has significantly fueled vaccine hesitancy. Misleading claims about vaccine safety and efficacy have sown doubt and fear, deterring some parents from vaccinating their children.
  2. Complacency: Due to the past success of vaccination programs, many people have forgotten the dangers of vaccine-preventable diseases. This complacency leads to lower vaccination rates, creating pockets where outbreaks can occur.
  3. Distrust in Institutions: A growing distrust in government and health institutions has made some individuals skeptical of public health recommendations, including vaccinations. Political polarization and varying opinions on health regulations can exacerbate this distrust.

Strategies to Rebuild Trust

Restoring public confidence in vaccination is a complex task. However, various strategies have been proposed to address vaccine hesitancy and concerns involving medical associations, the pharmaceutical industry, and local, national, and international health authorities. Key strategies include providing valid information transparently, emphasizing the scientific evaluation and safety protocols surrounding vaccines, and engaging in international collaborations to monitor and address vaccine confidence issues. Additionally, leveraging media, including social media, to disseminate accurate information and counter misinformation is crucial. Improving healthcare provider preparedness through training on vaccine-related knowledge and communication skills and providing support and resources is essential in building trustful relationships with patients and parents.

The Broader Impact of Vaccines

Vaccination serves dual purposes; it protects individuals from infectious diseases while allowing communities to create immunity. As mentioned above, 70% of the measles cases found this year were outbreak-associated. By staying informed about what’s happening in your community and keeping up with an immunization schedule, people can extend protection to those who cannot be vaccinated and help alleviate pressure on medical facilities.

With spring in full swing and summer right around the corner, Health officials at the CDC and American Medical Association are urging individuals and their families to vaccinate against measles and help eliminate this disease once again.

Source

CDC: Measle Cases and Outbreaks

National Library of Medicine: Vaccine confidence: the keys to restoring trust

WHO: Measles

Pew Research Center: Americans’ Trust in Scientists, Positive Views of Science Continue to Decline

Symptoms, Prevention, and Treatment of Whooping Cough

Whooping cough, also known as pertussis, was a leading cause of childhood illness and death in the United States before the introduction of a vaccine. Millions of people were diagnosed between 1940 and 1945 before seeing a reduction in cases in the 1970s to less than 3,000 per year.

The number of cases of whooping cough in the U.S. in 2024 remains below normal pre-pandemic levels, which typically sit around 20,000 annually. According to the CDC, cases jumped to nearly 50,000 during a 2012 outbreak. During the pandemic, the country saw a steep decline in whooping cough cases, dropping to 6,100 in 2020 and just 2,100 in 2021.

With a rise in whooping cough cases across Europe, Asia, and parts of the United States, health experts want to ensure parents understand the symptoms and how they can prevent this disease from harming their children.

What is Whooping Cough?

Whooping cough, caused by Bordetella pertussis, is mostly found in babies and young children. Still, coughing and sneezing can infect individuals of any age. Even with the vaccine, people can still transmit the disease. Infants under one year are particularly vulnerable, with one-third requiring hospitalization and facing risks like pneumonia, apnea, and dehydration. Older adults, pregnant women, and the immunocompromised are also at high risk for severe complications.

Symptoms of Whooping Cough

The symptoms of whooping cough can be divided into three stages:

1. Catarrhal Stage (1–2 weeks):

● Symptoms resemble a common cold, including a runny nose, sneezing, mild fever, and a mild cough.

● This stage is the most contagious.

2. Paroxysmal Stage (1–6 weeks):

● The sign of this stage is severe, uncontrollable coughing fits followed by a high-pitched “whoop” sound.

● Coughing fits can lead to vomiting, exhaustion, and, in some cases, difficulty breathing.

● Infants might not whoop but may have trouble breathing or even stop breathing briefly.

3. Convalescent Stage (weeks to months):

● Gradual recovery begins, but coughing fits may return if the person contracts another respiratory illness.

How Whooping Cough Transmits

Whooping cough spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. People are most contagious during the early stage of the illness.

Certain factors increase the risk of contracting whooping cough:

● Unvaccinated individuals are at higher risk of contracting whooping cough.

● Infants under 6 months are particularly vulnerable because they are too young to have received the full course of vaccinations.

● Close contact: Living in the same household or spending extended time with an infected person heightens the risk.

Prevention

Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent whooping cough. The primary vaccines are DTaP for infants and children and Tdap for adolescents, adults, and pregnant women. The vaccination schedule typically includes:

● DTaP vaccine: Given in five doses at 2, 4, and 6 months, between 15–18 months, and between 4–6 years.

● Tdap vaccine: Recommended for preteens (11–12 years), pregnant women during each pregnancy (preferably between 27–36 weeks), and adults who haven’t received it before.

These vaccines have varying degrees of effectiveness and duration of protection. While they generally provide immunity, this protection diminishes over time. Diphtheria vaccines are effective for roughly a decade, while tetanus vaccines offer near-universal protection for a similar duration.

DTaP has been known to protect in the first year after completion, but this reduces over time, with only about 7 in 10 children fully protected five years post-vaccination. Tdap, administered to older individuals, offers slightly lower but still considerable protection, with around 7 in 10 fully protected in the first year and 3 or 4 in 10 after four years.

Studies also demonstrate the effectiveness of Tdap in pregnant women, significantly reducing the risk of whooping cough transmission to newborns. Over three-quarters of infants under two months old are protected from whooping cough, and vaccination prevents nearly all cases requiring hospital treatment.

Treatment

Antibiotics can effectively treat whooping cough and help reduce its spread to others if diagnosed early. Commonly prescribed antibiotics include azithromycin, erythromycin, and clarithromycin. For those with severe symptoms, especially infants, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and support breathing.

Whooping cough is a preventable but serious disease that can have severe consequences, especially for young children and infants. Vaccination remains the most effective measure to protect against pertussis. Awareness of symptoms and early treatment can help manage and prevent the disease’s spread. With the rise of certain diseases in the United States, it’s important to talk to your healthcare provider about keeping up-to-date on your vaccines.

Sources

CDC: Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Whooping Cough Vaccination

CDC: Pregnancy and Whooping Cough

CDC: Pertussis Cases by Year (1922-2021)

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: The Tdap Vaccine and Pregnancy

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Dr. Casey

It Takes Work to Stay Well

Like everyone else, I do a lot of things. In addition to being a researcher, professor, advocate, writer, mentor, and other professional roles, I’m a mother. And that is my most important job. If you ask my oldest, “What is your mom’s most important job?” He would say, “Making sure we are healthy, safe, and happy.” That’s because I remind him of that almost daily (especially when he is supposed to be doing something for his health that he is not very excited about — like turning off the screen to brush his teeth before bed or trying new vegetables that he insists he has had and make him “sick,” ha). When I have to insist on an action that is important for his health but that he may not enjoy as much as playtime, I try to explain why it is important (more than just, “veggies make you big and strong”). I want him to really understand why he needs to wash his hands and get enough sleep and things that sometimes aren’t fun. I approach these situations with the same mentality as when I am teaching medical students or talking with patients, because it is important for people to know the why behind actions. I wouldn’t tell a patient they should have their blood sugar checked, “because I said so.” As I am always saying, providing information and answering questions is extremely important, and it shows respect for others that you will take time to help them understand. A little respect goes a long way.

Thinking about this made me want to talk about some “why’s” about vaccination.

Why is it important for my child to be “up-to-date” on vaccinations?

I am so glad you asked! There are several reasons, some of which I will discuss in this post (and others in future posts).

Vaccines help keep kids healthy!

This one is probably pretty obvious, but it cannot be overstated.

Vaccines help kids build immunity before they are exposed to possibly harmful, and even deadly, diseases. These diseases include hepatitis B, mumps, polio, tetanus, whooping cough, and chickenpox, among many others.

There are countless things we cannot always (or completely, or sometimes ever) control or protect our children from: motor vehicle collisions, social media, environmental disasters, bullying, genetic diseases, bad influences, to name very few. But vaccine-preventable diseases are something we can protect them from. This makes taking action to prevent whatever pain, harm, and negative outcomes we can even more important. We have to intervene in the few ways that we can to keep our children healthy and safe (and happy).

Vaccine-preventable diseases have not gone away…

In the U.S., we are very fortunate that we no longer face many of these diseases on a daily or even regular basis. So fortunate that…sometimes it can be easy to forget how dangerous they are, or even that they still exist. Personally, I don’t spend much time worrying about polio. However, individuals in Pakistan and Afghanistan cannot say the same because there are still cases of polio in those countries. I live in a country where it has been eliminated, and my family has been vaccinated against it.

We have seen a resurgence of measles in the U.S., and part of that is because we live in a society where global travel is easy and fairly convenient. Unvaccinated people may travel to places where there are measles and bring the disease back to the U.S. with them.

Sometimes people see decreased rates of diseases and think, “I don’t need to get a vaccine for that! It’s not a big issue anymore!” However, that is a false sense of security. The reason the rates are lower is because of ongoing vaccination.

Take this analogy: Joe has high blood pressure. A doctor prescribes Joe medication and his blood pressure goes down over time. Joe thinks, “Hey, now I don’t have high blood pressure, so I don’t need to take this medication!” and Joe stops taking the blood pressure medicine. Well…what do we know is going to happen?

When Joe stops taking his medication, his blood pressure is going to go up again. The reason it went down was because it was being maintained by the medicine he was taking. The same is true for vaccines and the diseases they prevent.

Vaccine-preventable diseases are expensive

Health care can have high costs for individuals, their families, and even for society overall. This can be in the form of doctor visits, medication, hospital stays, and other direct medical costs. It can also be costly by forcing your child to miss days of school, and you having to miss days of work to care for him or her, or having to pay someone to care for your child while you work. A vaccine followed by no sick visits to the doctor, no medicines, no hospital stays, and no missed work or school and no paying for extra childcare is a much wiser (and less painful) investment.

It’s more than just your child’s health at stake

Vaccines prevent infectious diseases, meaning diseases that are spread easily from one person to another. When you child gets sick from one of these diseases, it puts many other people at risk, too. Children come in contact with other children, teachers, siblings, parents, grandparents, among others, and children somehow tend to touch everything (which is one of life’s mysteries). When a child gets sick, it may quickly put numerous others at risk, and some of those people may be extra vulnerable to illness, making diseases riskier for them than the average person. Also, in a previous post, I discussed the concept of herd immunity. By making sure your child is vaccinated, you are doing your part to increase the immunity of the community as a whole, helping protect those who are not able to be vaccinated for health reasons.

What’s the take-home message?

These are just a small handful of reasons why it is so important for your child to stay current on their vaccinations, but I wanted to highlight these because I think they are some of the most important ones. Staying up-to-date on vaccines is so important! With our busy lives and the overactive world we live in, it is easy to let deadlines slip by, but vaccines should be something that you make a top priority. You will never look back and regret protecting your child from suffering a painful or deadly disease. As parents, preventing whatever harm we can is the least we can do for our children. It takes work to stay well, and until they are old enough to be out on their own, our kids are depending on us to keep them healthy.

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About Dr. Casey

Dr. Casey, PhD, MPH, is Director of Epidemiology and Public Health and associate professor of family medicine at the University of South Alabama Whiddon College of Medicine with a concurrent appointment in USA Health Mitchell Cancer Institute’s Division of Cancer Control and Prevention; she is also Director of the Masters of Public Health Program at Spring Hill College. Dr. Casey holds a masters and doctoral degrees in Public Health from the University of Alabama at Birmingham and a postdoctoral fellowship at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.

Her research interests include behavioral epidemiology, childhood/adolescent vaccination, cancer prevention, health communication, and reducing health disparities, emphasizing rural settings. Dr. Casey is a staunch advocate for increasing vaccination to lower rates of preventable diseases; she has led several studies to improve vaccine uptake.

Dr. Casey has held top leadership roles with non-profit organizations such as VAX2STOP CANCER, was elected Chair of Alabama’s Cancer Control Coalition, and is on the executive committee of Alabama’s vaccination task force. She is active in many prominent organizations, including the American Public Health Association and Society of Behavioral Medicine. With over 50 scientific publications and numerous national presentations, and invited talks, Dr. Casey is a widely respected expert in the field of vaccination.

The Freedom to Choose Vaccination: Respecting Everyone’s Rights

In a world where personal health choices can have far-reaching implications, vaccination often ignites passionate debates. As we navigate these discussions, we must recognize our society’s fundamental principle: the freedom to choose. Whether you decide to get vaccinated or not, this choice should not infringe upon the rights of others to make their own decisions. Let’s explore why respecting each other’s choices is vital for maintaining a harmonious and healthy community and delve into why people make different choices regarding vaccination.

Understanding Personal Freedom and Public Health

At its core, vaccination is a personal health decision. It involves weighing the benefits and risks, considering personal beliefs, and sometimes, medical advice. For some, vaccines represent a vital tool to protect themselves and their loved ones from preventable diseases. For others, skepticism and concerns about potential side effects lead to a different choice.

The freedom to choose is a cornerstone of individual autonomy. However, personal choices can have collective consequences on public health. Vaccines protect those who receive them and contribute to the broader concept of herd immunity. This communal protection is especially crucial for those who cannot be vaccinated due to medical conditions, such as allergies or weakened immune systems.

Why Some People Choose to Get Vaccinated

Protecting Personal and Public Health: Many individuals get vaccinated to protect themselves from serious illnesses. Vaccines have been proven to reduce the risk of contracting and spreading infectious diseases.

  1. Preventing Severe Illness: Vaccinations protect individuals from severe and potentially life-threatening diseases such as measles, polio, influenza, hepatitis, meningitis, and whooping cough. By getting vaccinated, people can avoid the debilitating effects of these diseases and reduce the likelihood of severe health complications.
  2. Herd Immunity: Vaccinated individuals contribute to herd immunity, which protects those who cannot get vaccinated due to medical reasons. This communal protection helps prevent outbreaks and protect vulnerable populations.
  3. Scientific Trust: Some people trust the rigorous scientific research and regulatory processes that vaccines undergo before being approved for public use. They believe in the effectiveness and safety of vaccines based on evidence and expert recommendations.
  4. Travel and Work Requirements: Vaccination is often required for travel to certain countries and employment in specific sectors, such as healthcare. Compliance with these requirements is a practical reason for some to choose vaccination.
  5. Compliance with School Requirements: Many schools require students to be vaccinated to enroll. This policy aims to protect all students and staff from outbreaks of preventable diseases. Parents often choose to vaccinate their children to comply with these requirements and ensure they can attend school without issue.

Why Some People Choose Not to Get Vaccinated

  1. Concerns About Side Effects: Some individuals are worried about potential side effects of vaccines, both immediate and long-term. Personal experiences or anecdotal reports often fuel this concern.
  2. Personal or Religious Beliefs: Some people’s personal, philosophical, or religious beliefs may lead them to refuse vaccines. These beliefs can be deeply ingrained, forming a core part of an individual’s identity.
  3. Distrust in Pharmaceutical Companies or Government: Skepticism towards pharmaceutical companies and government agencies can deter people from getting vaccinated. Historical instances of medical malpractice contribute to this distrust.
  4. Belief in Natural Immunity: Some individuals prefer to rely on natural immunity acquired through exposure to diseases rather than vaccination, believing it to be more effective or safer.

The Balance Between Rights and Responsibilities

Balancing individual rights with collective responsibilities is not a new challenge. Society continuously navigates this delicate equilibrium in various domains, from traffic laws to smoking regulations. The key is to ensure that one person’s exercise of their freedom does not harm others.

In the realm of vaccination, this means acknowledging that while everyone has the right to choose, those choices can impact the health and safety of the broader community. For instance, declining vaccination in a densely populated area can increase the risk of outbreaks, putting vulnerable populations at greater risk.

Respecting Differing Views

Healthy debates are an integral part of a vibrant democracy. However, these debates should be rooted in mutual respect and understanding. People choose not to vaccinate for various reasons, including personal beliefs, medical concerns, or distrust of pharmaceutical companies. While these reasons may differ from mainstream views, they are valid perspectives shaped by individual experiences and knowledge.

Similarly, those who choose to vaccinate often do so based on scientific evidence, advice from healthcare providers, and a desire to protect themselves and their community. Their decisions are equally valid and should be respected.

Promoting Informed Choices

Education is essential to fostering understanding and respect for differing views on vaccination. By providing accurate, evidence-based information, we can help individuals make informed choices that align with their values and beliefs.

Unity in Diversity

The freedom to choose whether or not to get vaccinated is a fundamental right. However, exercising this right comes with respecting others’ choices.

By promoting respect, understanding, and informed decision-making, we can create an environment where everyone feels empowered to make the best choices for themselves and their families. Ultimately, our collective well-being depends on our ability to coexist with differing perspectives, united by the shared goal of a healthier, more inclusive society.

By embracing the freedom to choose and respecting the choices of others, we lay the foundation for a compassionate and resilient community.

At Health Hero, we have been providing communities with vaccinations for 13 years, ensuring that those who choose to get vaccinated can access safe and effective options. While we respect everyone’s freedom to choose whether or not to get vaccinated, we firmly support vaccination as a vital tool for public health. Together, we can build a healthier, more resilient community.

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