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Dr. Casey

Spooked by Needles? The Future of Needle-Free Vaccines Could Be a Treat!

Given we are in the Halloween season, I thought it would be fitting to talk about an aspect of vaccines that some people find “scary” but might not be in the near future. One of the most common reasons I hear why people are hesitant to get vaccines is because they are afraid of needles. That might sound childish to some, and I know people who have the attitude that getting a shot is not a big deal, that people with this fear need to “get over it.” But it is a very real thing. Did you know there is even a name for it? Trypanophobia is an intense fear of needles, and in severe cases, people with this fear can put themselves at great risk by not getting vaccines or even medical treatment when needed. To be very clear, I am not talking about a dislike of needles. I think most people dislike needles, especially being poked with them. Rather, here I am describing a true, irrational fear of needles that causes anxiety, panic attacks, even fainting, and other consequences. However, for those who have a genuine fear of needles and those who simply don’t like them, there could be good news in the pretty near future…

Another way to vaccinate

Vaccines for several diseases are currently undergoing testing — that can be delivered through a person’s nose! So far, early trials in the United States have had very promising results. For example, trials of two of these nasal spray vaccines have initiated multiple immune system responses against the virus that causes COVID. Results like these have researchers optimistic that there could be an approved COVID vaccine nasal spray available by even 2027! Some other countries, like China and India, are already using approved COVID nasal vaccines because they prioritized developing these types of vaccines during the pandemic. In the U.S. and many other wealthy countries, we chose to remain with our tried-and-true methods of arm injections. Many of the most recent efforts in nasal vaccines in the U.S. have focused on COVID-causing viruses, but nasal vaccines could also be effective against the flu, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and others.

Yes, a handful of nasal vaccines have already been developed in the U.S., but they have had a variety of issues. Maybe the most well-known of these is FluMist (a flu vaccine), but it never became a leading option because its effectiveness was widely debated. What is different about the ones being developed now? They use new technology that can produce stronger immune responses and is safer than the medicines used previously.

Could these vaccines be even better than traditional methods?

It is very possible. Researchers say it is possible that vaccines delivered through nasal spray or possibly inhaling through the mouth can offer stronger (and quicker) protection against respiratory viruses than our long-standing way of injecting into the arm. Why is that? When introduced to the body through inhaling (through nose or mouth), these vaccines stimulate part of the immune system that has adapted specifically for fast, comprehensive protection from airborne germs. This could help an infection from really setting in by fighting it off quickly and completely. While an injected vaccine is good at keeping a disease from spreading, it doesn’t stop the initial infection. A nasal spray, however, is much more effective at this because sprays are targeted where many viruses first enter the body — the nose and nasal tissue (called mucosa, which is a thick, multi-layered tissue that produces mucus, full of immune cells, to fight infections). So mucosal immunity gets your immune system ready to fight off infection, where it starts and offers three different types of protection, while shots provide two types.

Additionally, attacking the invading virus in the nose may prevent it from spreading to other people because it would lower the amount of virus the infected person inhales. Another positive consideration is that, by the spray limiting how far into the body the infection progresses, it is possible that it could prevent long COVID, the chronic, sometimes debilitating condition that so many individuals have faced in the aftermath of infection with COVID. Another pros of these vaccines? They should be less expensive and more convenient to transport to poor areas than the injections we use now (which require rigid, specific temperature regulations, etc.).

Regardless of how it is delivered (through a shot or a spray), developing any new vaccine is extremely complicated and challenging. Researchers have to find that perfect balance where they elicit an immune response intense enough to protect the body from future infections but not too strong so that it harms the individual. There is a delicate balance of individuals’ immune systems, exposures, various cell stimulations, and a host of other factors that will go into fine-tuning these sprays before they can be thoroughly tested and approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. If you are interested in the nuts and bolts and very nitty-gritty details of immunology, I will include a couple of resources below where you can explore more thorough explanations of T cells and spike proteins and all of that good stuff related to this topic, and you can find plenty out there — it is a hot topic!

But for now, I hope some people might be a little less “spooked” knowing that the future of vaccination may be one free of needles…

Other Questions?

I am always interested to hear from you, to answer your questions and even have just interesting conversation! I love the engagement from readers, and all of you are fantastic. Also, feel free to send in topic suggestions if there is anything related to vaccines or similar that you’d like me to take a deeper dive into. I would love to hear what you are interested in reading more about!

Be Well; Be Kind,

Dr. Casey

Want to Learn More?

For a fairly brief discussion about the potential future of COVID-19 nasal vaccines, here is a pretty concise overview: https://abcnews.go.com/Health/clinical-trial-begins-generation-nasal-covid-19-vaccine/story?id=111605093

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) began trials of a nasal COVID-19 vaccine back in July of this year. This link will take you to a press release from when those trials first started and gives some information about the trials themselves: https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-sponsored-trial-nasal-covid-19-vaccine-opens

This is a lengthier article from Scientific American, but contains a lot of detailed information and is great for anyone who wants to read about the in-depth mechanisms related to immunology and other technical details (particularly later in the article): https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-nasal-vaccines-offer-stronger-protection-from-covid-flu-and-more-no-needle-needed/

You can find another article (and briefer, if you are looking for more of a quick read) that discusses the potential greater effectiveness that nasal vaccine may have in stopping COVID-19 transmission compared to traditional injections by individuals from the Washington University School of Medicine here: https://scitechdaily.com/better-than-traditional-shots-new-nasal-vaccine-halts-covid-19-transmission/

If you are interested in learning more about what I described quite briefly, above regarding nasal immunity, etc., this article is fantastic. It is all about the immune cells of the nose, specifically, and how their effectiveness could be a great advantage to protecting us: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-02503-5

Bird Flu 101: What Parents Need to Know to Keep Kids Safe

The United States has seen an increase in cases of H5 bird flu, also known as avian influenza. This disease has gained attention due to its spread across wild birds, poultry, dairy cattle, and even a small number of human cases in the U.S. While there are currently no recorded cases in the state of Tennessee, it’s important for families to stay informed about the situation, particularly regarding the safety of children.

What is H5 Bird Flu?

H5 bird flu is a type of influenza that affects birds but can occasionally spread to other animals, including dairy cattle and humans. Since early 2024, the U.S. has seen several outbreaks in poultry flocks, widespread infections in wild birds, and a growing number of cases in dairy herds across several states. There hasn’t been human-to-human transmission of the H5 flu, but the virus has affected workers in the dairy and poultry industries because of their direct exposure to infected animals.

As of October 2024, there have been 27 reported human cases of H5 bird flu in the U.S., with 16 of those cases confirmed to be the H5N1 strain, which can potentially cause severe illness in humans. Thankfully, none of these cases have been in Tennessee, but the situation could turn if people aren’t cautious.

How Can It Affect Children?

While children have not been confirmed as infected so far, they are at a higher risk due to their developing immune systems. The chances of getting infected increase if a child spends time on farms, lives near areas with wild bird populations or comes into contact with poultry or dairy cattle.

Parents should monitor their children’s interactions with wild birds, domestic animals, and potentially contaminated surfaces, especially if they visit rural areas or farms. The CDC advises avoiding direct contact with birds and animals that may be infected and practicing proper hygiene, such as handwashing, after being outdoors.

If your child does come into contact with an infected animal, some common symptoms will appear:

● Fever

● Cough

● Sore throat

● Muscle aches

● Shortness of breath

In severe cases, bird flu can lead to complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, organ failure, or even death. Parents should seek medical help if their child shows any symptoms, particularly after possible exposure to birds.

Vaccines Part in Protecting Children

While no routine vaccine for bird flu is available to the general public, specific vaccines have been developed for strains like H5N1, which are used in outbreak situations or for high-risk populations. Vaccination is essential for bird flu and preventing the spread of other diseases during outbreaks.

Researchers are continuously developing new vaccines that could provide broader protection against bird flu viruses. Parents can help strengthen their children’s immune systems by getting the seasonal flu vaccine. This precautionary measure will reduce the risk of seasonal flu and potential complications if they are exposed to other viruses like bird flu.

Why is All This Important to Know?

It is important for parents to read and understand the current situation, as it will provide essential knowledge to protect their children from potential exposure to H5 bird flu. While the current public health risk is low, simple preventive measures — such as avoiding contact with wild birds, handling food safely, and practicing good hygiene — can reduce the chances of infection.

Parents can also help protect their children by staying aware of how the virus spreads, especially if they live in rural areas, visit farms, or are near wildlife.

Should We Be Worried?

For now, the risk to the general public, including children, remains low. Continuous surveillance data shows no unusual flu activity, and there has been no evidence of person-to-person spread of H5N1. In Tennessee’s agricultural community, managing animal health is crucial. Tennessee is not only one of the top beef-producing states; its agricultural production represented 4.4 percent of the total state GDP in 2022. Families need to do what they can to ensure this disease doesn’t spread on their farms and through their family groups.

Sources:

CDC: H5 Bird Flu: Current Situation

U.S. Food and Drug Administration: Updates on Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI)

U.S. Department of Agriculture: Avian Disease

University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture: Economic Impact of Agriculture

Rising Whooping Cough Cases in the U.S.: Essential Tips for Tennesseans to Stay Protected

We are in the midst of the respiratory virus season, and health officials are already sounding the alarm about the number of whooping cough cases across the United States. New data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reveals an explosion in cases, up fivefold compared to last year. As of October 12, 2024, have been 18,506 cases reported nationwide, a significant jump from the 3,382 cases reported by this time last year. Like many other states, Tennessee is seeing its share of cases rise, with some reports indicating that the state currently has around 200 cases compared to around 60 last year. This rise in cases concerns children, as the infection can spread quickly from one to many. That’s why it’s important to understand this infection and how to prevent it.

What is Whooping Cough?

Whooping cough, known medically as pertussis, is a highly contagious respiratory infection that starts with symptoms similar to a mild cold, such as a runny nose, low-grade fever, and mild cough. The bacteria release toxins, which damage the cilia and cause airways to swell. Once contracted, symptoms may worsen after a week or two, often leading to intense, uncontrollable coughing fits. These fits can be so forceful that they may lead to vomiting or even fractured ribs, making breathing difficult and often resulting in the distinct “whooping” sound that follows each coughing spasm.

How it spreads

Whooping cough spreads through respiratory droplets. Tiny droplets containing the bacteria become airborne when someone with the infection coughs, sneezes, or talks. If people breathe in these droplets, they can become infected. It’s especially contagious in the early stages, often before severe symptoms develop, making it easy for the infection to spread unnoticed.

Why is Whooping Cough So Dangerous?

For adults, a whooping cough infection is usually less serious. While it can be unpleasant and frustrating, it typically doesn’t result in significant health risks. However, infants under one year old are at the highest risk of complications if they catch this infection. Their immune systems are not fully developed, and if they haven’t received all recommended vaccines, they’re more likely to develop serious complications like pneumonia or encephalopathy (a brain disorder). Some infants don’t develop the typical cough and instead experience severe breathing difficulties, which is why early diagnosis is essential for their health.

Why Are Cases Rising?

Over the past few years, we’ve seen fewer cases of pertussis, or whooping cough, likely due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the measures taken to limit transmission. Currently, the U.S. is beginning to see a return to pre-pandemic patterns, with typically over 10,000 cases reported each year. Because this infection spreads through airborne bacteria, crowded places such as schools, daycare centers, and hospitals can be hotspots for transmission.

The infection is known to spread without symptoms, especially in adults and adolescents, who may unknowingly infect younger, more vulnerable family members. Older siblings, parents, and caregivers are often a source of infection for children who have not yet been fully vaccinated.

How to Protect Your Family

Vaccination is the best way to prevent this infection from spreading to you and your children. The CDC recommends that:

● Infants and children receive the DTaP vaccine, which covers diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis, in doses beginning at two months.

● Adolescents and adults get the Tdap booster, particularly if they are around young children or work in environments where the infection can spread easily.

If you have any questions about the vaccine, it is best to set up an appointment with your healthcare provider so they can provide you with the most up-to-date information.

Key Takeaways for Tennesseans

Tennessee, like many other states, is experiencing this significant rise. If this infection spreads even further, it can result in school closures and strain the state’s healthcare system. All families need to take proactive steps to ensure vaccinations are current and they recognize the symptoms of this infection. If someone in your household develops a runny nose, cough, or fever, consult a healthcare provider to determine whether testing or treatment is needed.

Tennessee is just beginning its respiratory virus season, making now the best time to promote awareness and prevention. Stay informed, keep your vaccinations up-to-date, and help prevent whooping cough from impacting Tennessee’s communities more.

Sources:

CDC: Whooping Cough (Pertussis)

CDC: Weekly Cases of Notifiable Disease

Mayo Clinic: Whooping Cough

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Dr. Casey

A “Miracle Worker”: Honoring Dr. Jonas Salk

October 28th marks the 110th anniversary of Dr. Jonas Salk’s birth. Jonas Edward Salk was an American virologist, physician, and medical researcher who became known as a “miracle worker” after developing the first safe and effective vaccine for polio in 1955. This vaccine, known as inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), contained killed virus. Since its development, polio vaccination has helped to eliminate wild poliovirus in the United States.

Polio: Before the vaccine

Before the development of Salk’s vaccine, polio was a highly feared disease. One reason it caused so much concern is because it was–and still is–so highly contagious. It paralyzed and killed thousands of people every year. There were frequent polio epidemics, making it one of the most dreaded diseases in the world. Little was known about the virus, and attempted treatments (such as lumbar punctures) were rarely successful. Children infected with polio often survived by depending on an iron lung to help them breathe because the virus can paralyze the muscles used for breathing. Even for those who recovered from the initial polio infection, 25 to 40 people out of 100 were affected by post-polio syndrome which caused many painful, debilitating symptoms. Polio killed millions of people worldwide, particularly during the 1940s and 1950s, before the vaccine was developed. It was a leading cause of death and paralysis internationally. At its peak, polio killed close to half a million people every year, killing thousands of people at a time in individual outbreaks in a single city in the U.S.

Developing the vaccine

Widespread fear of polio led to many researchers working toward a vaccine in the mid-1900s. Different methods were used, but Salk remained focused on developing a vaccine using a “killed” virus (rather than using a vaccine containing live poliovirus). Although this went against common beliefs in the scientific community then, Salk believed the killed virus vaccine could immunize without the risk of infecting the patient. In the early 1950s, Salk found success with his vaccine in laboratory testing. He then tested the vaccine on himself, his family, and a small group of volunteers. After that continued success, he launched an international vaccine trial in 1954 in the United States, Canada, and Finland, testing the vaccine on 1.6 million child volunteers, ages 6–9 years old, who had not had polio, known as the “polio pioneers.” The patients in these trials developed anti-polio antibodies and did not experience adverse reactions to the vaccine. In April 1955, the vaccine was announced as safe and effective and became immediately available for widespread use.

How the vaccine changed the world

After Salk’s inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) was licensed, it was met with overwhelming acceptance by the public, who had suffered from so many deadly polio outbreaks and lived in constant fear. Parents, especially, were eager to vaccinate their children as quickly as possible. Programs were implemented to vaccinate children in school, if desired, to ensure as many children as possible had access to this life-saving vaccine. Programs offering vaccines at schools were extremely successful and continue to be a way to provide equitable preventive healthcare access, particularly for children in rural and medically underserved areas today. Americans were so relieved by and enthusiastic about the polio vaccine that mandatory vaccination policies were never needed. After vaccination became available in April 1955, polio cases in the United States dropped from over 45,000 a year in the 1950s to 910 in 1962. Salk chose not to patent the vaccine or to seek profit from it. His focus and goal was for the vaccine to be as widely distributed as possible, thus Salk never earned any money from his world-changing discovery. Other polio vaccines were developed later, but Salk will always be hailed as developing and implementing the first safe and effective polio vaccine.

The legacy of Salk and the polio vaccine

There have been no cases of wild poliovirus in the United States since 1979, with the disease declared eliminated from the U.S. By 1994, polio was eliminated from the Americas, and by 2000 the disease was eliminated from the Western Pacific. In the 21st century, cases have decreased by over 99% worldwide in under twenty years. However, wild poliovirus cannot be classified as “eradicated” from the world because the virus remains in Afghanistan and Pakistan. This poses a threat that individuals could contract polio in those countries, travel to another country, and an outbreak could occur. This is why it is still important for individuals in all countries to receive the polio vaccination — to protect against accidental infection or, worse, an accidental outbreak. I’ll give a prime example of this in just a minute.

The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) is a group of partners worldwide focused on permanently stopping the spread of wild poliovirus and outbreaks of poliovirus variants. Global eradication of this disease is possible! And it was made possible by vaccines. This is another example (of many) showing how diseases, health, and prevention are connected from all parts of the world. It is so important to stay mindful of health issues in the rest of the world and to be as protected as we can be through whatever preventive measures are available to us. A person might never leave the United States or even their home state, but we live in a world without looking for diseases; sometimes, they come to us. The “prime example” I mentioned above occurred in August 2022, when there was a confirmed case of paralytic polio in an unvaccinated young adult without a relevant travel history that would have exposed them to the virus. The virus came to them through an individual who had traveled, been exposed to it, and acted as a carrier back to the community. Because the infected person was not vaccinated against polio, they were vulnerable to the disease. This is frightening and a perfect example of why we must keep ourselves protected even if we don’t think we are at a direct risk–because we never know. Just one case of polio in the U.S. represents an official public health emergency because it suggests that poliovirus could be circulating in the community. It is difficult to be sure at first glance because most poliovirus infections do not show symptoms. Below, I will link to an article about this event, the public health measures, investigation, tracing, costs, and other details associated with finding just this one case of polio.

Other Questions?

Please message my page with questions, comments, musings, or information to share. I am always learning, and it is one of the best parts of my work. I want to leave you with some powerful words from Dr. Salk:

“Our greatest responsibility is to be good ancestors.” –Jonas Salk

Be Well; Be Kind,

Dr. Casey

Low Vaccine Rates Among Tennessee Kindergarteners Raise Growing Concern

Outbreaks of infectious disease might be more common this year as Tennessee’s kindergarten vaccination rates have been slipping. Usually, a decline in vaccination rates results from parents opting their children out of receiving them. However, many children are missing their required vaccines, many of whom are unvaccinated without any exemption.

Public health experts have always striven to ensure a 95% vaccination rate among kindergarteners and establish herd immunity for diseases like measles and whooping cough. Tennessee is just below that threshold. The DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis) vaccination rate currently stands at 94.8%, just shy of the 95% needed for herd immunity. Even a small gap like this can be dangerous and lead to unnecessary outbreaks that could have a lasting effect on a community.

The rise in exemptions has played a significant role in this decline. The 2022–23 school year saw more than 2,500 kindergarteners exempt from vaccines, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This number has grown since 2018, when the CDC began tracking exemptions. Pre-pandemic, about 1,500 children were exempt, but the number has climbed each year, which means there is a growing trend of vaccine hesitancy among parents.

This hesitancy stems from various factors, such as misinformation, distrust in healthcare systems, concerns about side effects, and cultural or religious beliefs. Social media has played a key role in amplifying vaccine misinformation, making spreading false claims and intensifying skepticism easier. For parents with vaccine concerns, consulting a healthcare provider is the best way to receive accurate, up-to-date information.

While Tennessee’s exemption rate stands at 3.2%, ranking 27th nationwide, it is still seeing a sharp increase. The state ranks 12th in rising exemptions, with around 650 more children exempt in 2022–23 than in the previous year. States like Idaho, Oregon, and Utah lead with the highest opt-out rates, but Tennessee’s upward trend highlights the broader issue of vaccine hesitancy.

In addition to the rise in exemptions, there is another troubling trend: more children are falling into a grace period where they haven’t received their vaccines but also don’t have exemptions. The CDC has also been tracking these children, and their numbers are increasing. This may be a lingering effect of the pandemic when many families delayed routine healthcare, including vaccines, due to fear of contracting COVID-19. Studies have shown that during the pandemic, people also delayed other critical health screenings, such as for cancer and sexually transmitted infections.

As Tennessee’s vaccine rates continue to fall, the risk of outbreaks of preventable diseases like measles and whooping cough increases. Tennessee has already recorded its first measles case in five years, highlighting the need to reach the 95% threshold to help prevent further spread. Measles can easily spread among children and lead to severe complications, including pneumonia, encephalitis, and even death. The return of this disease, once nearly eradicated in the U.S., highlights the importance of vaccination. If Tennessee continues this downward trend, more diseases like this could start appearing and have a ripple effect in the community. As the colder months start, it’s critical to receive all the required vaccines to help prevent sickness from spreading as we spend more time indoors.

Sources:

CDC: Coverage with Selected Vaccines and Exemption from School Vaccine Requirements Among Children in Kindergarten — United States, 2022–23 School Year

CDC: Reported STDs Reach All-time High for 6th Consecutive Year

Jama Network: Cancer Screening Disparities Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic

Why Getting Vaccinated After a Flood Is Crucial

Recent flooding from Hurricane Helena has devastated Tennessee communities, and as recovery begins, many face significant challenges beyond just displaced families, damaged property, and disrupted services. One danger many people may not consider in these types of disasters is the increased risk of infectious diseases. Floodwaters cause physical damage and carry harmful bacteria, chemicals, and waste that threaten public health. It might seem unexpected, but getting vaccinated after a flood is important to protect yourself and others from worsening situations.

How Bad Can Floodwater Be?

The water doesn’t look nice, and there’s a reason. Floods create the perfect environment for certain diseases to thrive. These waters often contain bacteria, viruses, and chemicals mixed with damaged sewage systems and exposed debris from buildings and farms. This can spread infections like E. coli, hepatitis A, and leptospirosis, while stagnant water creates breeding grounds for mosquitoes carrying diseases such as West Nile virus. Exposure to floodwater can also lead to skin infections from minor injuries, and once the water recedes, mold growth in water-damaged buildings poses respiratory risks. In these conditions, even small cuts or scrapes can become dangerous if they come into contact with bacteria from floodwaters.

While some of these infections can’t be prevented with a vaccine, there are two that can:

Tetanus

Tetanus is a serious infection caused by bacteria commonly found in soil, dust, and animal waste. During floods, people may come into contact with many bacteria absorbed in the flood water and become infected through sharp debris or contaminated water. If the bacteria enter the body through a wound, it can cause severe muscle stiffness and spasms, which can be life-threatening if not treated immediately.

Tetanus can easily be prevented with a vaccine. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that anyone exposed to floodwaters or debris check whether they’ve received a tetanus booster shot within the last ten years. If not, getting this booster can help protect yourself during cleanup efforts.

Hepatitis A

Another risk during flood recovery is hepatitis A, a virus that affects the liver. It can spread through contaminated food or water, which are common concerns after a flood, especially if local sewage systems have been destroyed. In areas where floodwaters have mixed with sewage, there’s an increased risk of the virus spreading through drinking water or poorly sanitized conditions.

Vaccination for hepatitis A is especially important for people living in or near affected areas, as well as for emergency workers and volunteers helping with recovery efforts.

Cleaning Up After Floodwater

To those who are volunteering their time or have been directly impacted by the floods, there are ways to minimize the risk to your health:

● Wash exposed areas: Use soap and clean water immediately. If you don’t have access to soap or water, use alcohol-based wipes or sanitizer.

● Care for wounds: Clean wounds thoroughly and seek medical attention, especially if the wound is deep.

● Wash contaminated clothes: Any clothing that comes into contact with flood or sewage water should be washed with hot water and detergent before wearing it again.

● Wear protective gear: If you are entering floodwater, always wear rubber boots, rubber gloves, and goggles to protect yourself from contaminants.

Protecting Public Health During Recovery

In the aftermath of a natural disaster, public health resources are usually stretched. Additional strain can make the system worse if more individuals start showing up with preventable diseases. This is why health officials stress the importance of prioritizing vaccines. By getting immunized, you can help reduce the risk of a secondary public health crisis and ensure a faster, safer recovery for everyone.

As recovery efforts in Tennessee continue, it’s essential not to overlook the importance of vaccinations. Floodwaters may recede, but the health risks will linger for months. By staying informed and up-to-date with recommended vaccines, you can protect yourself and help prevent the spread of diseases in the aftermath of this natural disaster.

Sources

CDC: Floods and Your Safety

CDC: Safety Guidelines: Floodwaters

Flu Season Back Again: How Kids Can Stay Healthy and Prepared

The signs might already be there. More people coughing, sneezing, and sick days are starting to be used. These are clear signs that flu season is upon us once again. While the thought of fall normally brings thoughts of cozy sweaters and pumpkin patches, it also brings reminders of how sick you can get as the flu virus becomes more active. For kids, especially those in schools, daycares, and extracurricular activities, it’s important to take precautions to stay healthy during this time.

What Parents Should Know About the Flu

It’s something we hear about every year. But what is the Flu?

The flu, or influenza, is a highly contagious viral infection that affects the respiratory system. Influenza A and B viruses are responsible for seasonal flu outbreaks. It mostly spreads through droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and can also be contracted by touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the face. Symptoms often appear suddenly, including fever, cough, body aches, fatigue, and sometimes vomiting or diarrhea in children. Compared to the common cold, the flu is more severe and can lead to complications like pneumonia, bronchitis, or worsening of chronic conditions.

Why is This Flu Season Important?

Flu season typically peaks in the fall and winter months, when people are indoors more often, making it easier for the virus to spread. This year is particularly important in getting your flu shot as Tennessee saw a rise in COVID-19 cases throughout the summer. Schools, where children interact closely, can become hot spots for the virus to pass from one person to another. This is why it’s crucial for kids to get vaccinated, as it can help prevent severe illness and hospitalizations. Even if individuals think they are healthy, the risk of serious illness is still high.

How Can Kids Prepare?

As a parent, you can take several steps to ensure your child is ready for what could be a rollercoaster of flu season.

1. Get the Flu Shot

Obviously, the most important thing is getting that vaccine. The flu vaccine is the most effective way to protect against the flu. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that everyone 6 months and older get vaccinated each year. For kids, the flu shot not only protects them but also helps reduce the spread of the virus to classmates, family members, and others.

The flu shot is widely available, and scheduling an appointment is easy. It’s important to get this early on, as it takes about two weeks for the body to build immunity after vaccination.

2. Practice Good Hygiene

Kids get into all kinds of things, so it’s important to start teaching them healthy hygiene habits when they are young. Remind your child to:

● Wash their hands frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially before meals and after playing outside.

● Use hand sanitizer when soap and water aren’t available.

● Cover their mouth and nose with a tissue or elbow when coughing or sneezing.

● Avoid touching their face, especially their eyes, nose, and mouth, where the virus can easily enter the body.

3. Eat Nutritious Foods

The old proverb, “An apple a day keeps the doctor away,” can ring true. A healthy diet helps strengthen the immune system, making it easier to fight off infections. Getting kids to eat their greens is hard, but encouraging them to eat various fruits and vegetables rich in vitamins and minerals will pay off. Foods high in vitamin C (such as oranges, strawberries, and bell peppers) and zinc (found in meat, beans, and nuts) are particularly beneficial for immune health.

4. Get Plenty of Sleep

Sleep is essential for a strong immune system, especially for growing kids. School-age children typically need 9 to 12 hours of sleep each night to stay healthy and focused. Establishing a consistent bedtime routine will ensure your child is well-rested.

5. Stay Active

Regular physical activity boosts overall health and helps keep the immune system in good shape. Getting your child involved in outdoor activities like biking, playing sports, or running around the yard can benefit tremendously. Even a daily walk can make a difference in their health.

6. Stay Home When Sick

It’s last on this list, but it is another important one. If your child has flu-like symptoms, keeping them home from school or activities is important to avoid spreading the virus. While this may mean missing out on a day or two of class, it’s better than having your child spread that sickness to others at school.

Statistics About the Flu in The United States

According to the CDC, the flu impacts millions of people annually in the United States. Between 2010 and 2020, the annual flu seasons resulted in 9 to 41 million illnesses, 140,000 to 710,000 hospitalizations, and 12,000 to 52,000 deaths.

These numbers highlight the importance of getting the flu vaccine. During 2019–2020, the flu vaccination prevented an estimated 7 million illnesses, 3 million flu-associated medical visits, 100,000 flu-associated hospitalizations, and 7,000 influenza-associated deaths. Despite this, vaccination rates remain below the levels desired.

If you are hesitant about the flu vaccine or have general questions, it’s important to schedule a call with your healthcare provider to ensure you are receiving the most up-to-date information. Making your health a priority this fall will help ensure you and your kids can enjoy all there is to do before the winter months arrive and moist outdoor activities are put on pause.

Sources

CDC: About Estimated Flu Burden

CDC: Influenza (Flu)

CDC: Flu Vaccines Work

Urgent Call for Vaccinations After Tennessee Reports First Measles Case Since 2019

With the school year starting and the fall season in full swing, it’s prime time for illnesses to spread through communities. Just recently, Tennessee reported its first measles case in over four years, involving an individual who had traveled internationally and spent time in Kentucky while infectious. Although the infected individual has fully recovered and no additional cases have been reported in the state, this serves as a reminder of how quickly and dangerously these diseases can spread.

According to the latest update from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the U.S. has recorded 262 measles cases this year, with 13 outbreaks reported. Of these cases, 70% are associated with ongoing outbreaks, which can have a deadly impact if you’re not vaccinated.

Measles by the Numbers

So far in 2024, cases have been reported in 32 jurisdictions nationwide. What’s concerning is that around 40% of reported cases are in children aged five and under, the age group most vulnerable to severe complications from the disease. The CDC also reports that 88% of all measles cases involve individuals who are either unvaccinated or whose vaccination status is unclear. Only 4% of patients who contracted measles had been fully vaccinated with the two recommended doses of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine.

Hospitalizations among those infected were of the highest concern from the CDC. It reports that more than 42% of patients required hospitalization, either for isolation or for managing complications related to measles, such as pneumonia or encephalitis.

The Importance of Vaccination

It’s not a comeback you want to see, and one that the World Health Organization warns we could experience more often. Between 2021 and 2022, measles cases were estimated to increase by 18%. Also, between 2021 and 2022, the number of countries experiencing measles outbreaks increased from 22 to 37, and deaths from measles increased by 43%. However, between 2021 and 2022, an estimated 57 million measles deaths were estimated to have been prevented by measles vaccination.

These numbers are proof that vaccines work to fight against this disease. While the measles vaccine is highly effective, it does require two doses to provide full protection. Individuals who are unvaccinated, partially vaccinated, or whose immunity has waned are at a much higher risk of contracting and spreading the virus.

Parents should ensure their children receive the MMR vaccine on schedule, and those traveling internationally should verify that their vaccinations are current. As international travel increases with the upcoming holidays, maintaining high vaccination rates will be crucial in preventing the spread of measles worldwide.

What Happens If You’re Not Vaccinated

If you contract the virus, the outcome can be extremely dangerous. Measles is a highly contagious disease that presents symptoms 7 to 14 days after infection, including high fever, cough, runny nose, and red, watery eyes. A rash typically appears 3 to 5 days later, spreading from the face to the rest of the body, often accompanied by a high fever. Complications, especially in young children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals, can include ear infections, pneumonia, encephalitis, and in some cases, death. Severe complications can lead to hospitalization, and long-term risks include subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a fatal condition.

A National Health Priority

With a recent increase in measles cases across the U.S., public health authorities are monitoring cases closely, particularly in areas with low vaccination rates. The CDC and state health departments are working to contain outbreaks and prevent further spread, but the risk remains in communities where vaccination coverage is low. Tennessee’s recent case highlights the interconnected nature of public health — what happens abroad can quickly impact local communities.

If you have questions about measles or want to learn more about vaccines, it’s best to contact your health provider. They can provide you with the information you need to help ensure you and your family are protected.

Sources:

Tennessee Department of Health

CDC: Measles Cases and Outbreaks

CDC: Measles Symptoms and Complications

The National Library of Medicine: A Review of the Resurgence of Measles, a Vaccine-Preventable Disease, as Current Concerns Contrast with Past Hopes for Measles Elimination

Debunking Common Vaccination Myths: Don’t Let Misconceptions Turn into Regret

Fact: Vaccinations have been a cornerstone of public health for decades, saving between four to five million lives worldwide each year by preventing the spread of infectious diseases. Despite this, several myths and misconceptions lead some to delay or avoid vaccinations. Misinformation can have serious consequences, both for individuals and the wider community. We compiled the top five most common myths to help start the conversation and address concerns people may have about vaccines.

1. Myth: Vaccines Can Cause the Illness They’re Meant to Prevent

Fact: Vaccines contain weakened or inactivated parts of the germ, not the active virus, so they cannot cause the illness. Individuals might experience mild side effects, which are usually temporary and last from a few hours to a few days as the body builds immunity. These common reactions include redness, swelling, soreness, chills, fatigue, joint pain, headache, mild fever, and muscle aches, with children often being fussier than usual. Stress-related reactions like fainting, lightheadedness, and rapid breathing can also occur, particularly in those with a high fear of needles. The risk of experiencing severe illness from a vaccine-preventable disease is far higher than any rare vaccine side effect.

2. Myth: Vaccines Aren’t Necessary Anymore

Fact: This has been something of a growing concern lately, as some believe that vaccines are no longer necessary because many diseases have become rare, like polio or measles. In 2020, the global coverage of childhood vaccines dropped due to COVID-19, resulting in 23 million children missing out on routine immunizations — the highest number since 2009. This is concerning because infectious diseases can easily resurface, leading to outbreaks. The U.S. has recently experienced this, with clusters of measle cases popping up in several states, including one case reported in Tennessee, its first case in five years. If anything, getting vaccinated is more necessary than ever, so communities can build herd immunity and prevent these dangerous diseases from spreading.

3. Myth: Vaccines Are Full of Harmful Ingredients

Fact: Some worry that vaccines contain dangerous chemicals, such as mercury or formaldehyde. However, the amounts used in vaccines are minuscule and have been proven safe through extensive research. For instance, the mercury compound found in some vaccines (thimerosal) is harmless in the small quantities used, and it has even been removed from most vaccines as a precautionary measure. Every ingredient in a vaccine serves a specific purpose. Vaccines are designed to provide immunity by helping the body create antibodies against diseases. Certain ingredients ensure the vaccine remains safe and effective over time by preventing contamination and degradation. For instance, stabilizers like sugars and gelatin help maintain vaccine efficacy, while adjuvants such as aluminum salts enhance the body’s immune response. Regulatory agencies globally continue to monitor vaccine safety to ensure their ingredients are non-toxic.

4. Myth: Natural Immunity Is Better Than Vaccine-Induced Immunity

Fact: While natural immunity can develop after contracting a disease, it comes with significant risks. Diseases like measles, chickenpox, and whooping cough can lead to severe complications, including hospitalization and even death. Vaccination allows individuals to gain immunity without illness, providing a safer and more controlled way to protect against disease. When comparing natural immunity and vaccine-induced immunity, vaccines provide a higher, more robust, and more consistent level of immunity. A 2021 study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found that COVID-19 vaccines provided better protection than previous infections alone. The study showed that vaccinated patients were less likely to test positive for the virus among those hospitalized with COVID-like symptoms compared to those who had recovered from a prior infection months earlier.

5. Myth: Vaccines Cause Autism

Fact: This myth is the one that has gained the most traction due to it being part of a now debunked study in the late 1990s. This report falsely claimed a link between the MMR vaccine and autism. A big part of the reason this myth became popular is that children typically show the first signs of autism around the same age (12–18 months) that they receive vaccines like the MMR vaccine. This timing led some to mistakenly associate vaccines with autism onset. Since the release of the report, numerous large-scale studies have found no evidence of a connection between vaccines and autism. Trustworthy health organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO) CDC, confirm that vaccines do not cause autism.

The Bottom Line: Vaccines Save Lives

Vaccines are among the most thoroughly researched and monitored medical interventions, and the benefits far outweigh the minimal risks. Extensive clinical trials, continuous surveillance, and rigorous safety protocols have ensured that vaccines are safe and effective. The risks of not being vaccinated are significantly higher. Unvaccinated individuals are more susceptible to contracting preventable diseases, many of which can lead to severe complications, long-term health issues, or even death. Don’t let that turn into regret when protection is within reach. Don’t wait until it’s too late — get vaccinated and protect yourself and your future self will thank you for making that decision.

Sources:

WHO: Vaccines and Immunization

WHO: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Herd immunity, lockdowns and COVID-19

WHO: COVID-19 pandemic leads to major backsliding on childhood vaccinations, new WHO, UNICEF data shows

WHO: Vaccines and immunization: Myths and misconceptions

WHO: Vaccines and immunization: Vaccine safety

National Library of Medicine: Exploring the Reasons Behind Parental Refusal of Vaccines

National Library of Medicine: Vaccination as a cause of autism — myths and controversies

CDC: Vaccine Basics

CDC: Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 Among Adults Hospitalized with COVID-19–Like Illness with Infection-Induced or mRNA Vaccine-Induced SARS-CoV-2 Immunity — Nine States, January–September 2021

The Vital Vaccination Conversation You Don’t Want to Miss

There is nothing worse than seeing your child fall ill and having that feeling of helplessness as you try to get them to recover. It’s even more frustrating when things worsen, despite your best efforts to improve them, leading to a trip to the emergency room for help. The thought of a child suffering from an illness, especially a preventable disease that could have been avoided, is every parent’s worst nightmare.

This is where vaccinations come in. Vaccines are more than just a medical precaution; they are the best way to prevent these situations. Vaccinations provide that invisible barrier that not only helps children but everyone who is around them. However, in 2023, vaccine-preventable diseases continued to affect many people in the United States. Despite widespread vaccination efforts, gaps in vaccine coverage still happen, leading to diseases like measles, mumps, and whooping cough, experiencing periodic outbreaks. It’s estimated that vaccination efforts between 1994 and 2013 prevented about 322 million cases of vaccine-preventable diseases in the U.S. Still, preventable outbreaks remain an issue due to low vaccination rates in some areas.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National vaccination coverage for kindergarteners in the 2022–2023 school year was around 93% for measles. Still, some areas fell below 90%, below the herd immunity threshold.

What’s Behind Vaccine Hesitancy?

Despite decades of proven effectiveness, vaccine hesitancy is increasing. Misinformation, spread through different social media channels, has helped to fuel doubts about vaccine safety. Many worry about side effects or believe that natural immunity is preferable to vaccination. However, most concerns come from myths that have been debunked by science.

Vaccines undergo several tests before being approved for public use and are continuously monitored for safety. While side effects can occur, they are generally mild and temporary, such as soreness at the injection site or a low-grade fever. Serious side effects are incredibly rare.

Impacts of Not Getting Vaccinated

Delaying or avoiding being vaccinated can have several consequences. When children get sick and preventable diseases make a comeback due to low vaccination rates, healthcare systems experience significant pressure. Managing outbreaks of diseases like measles and mumps demands a lot of resources and diverts attention from other healthcare priorities. The risk of spreading these diseases also results in economic costs, including increased healthcare expenses, lost productivity, and disruptions to education and the workforce. The financial burden of treating these preventable diseases often far exceeds the costs associated with vaccination programs.

This can leave parents and guardians feeling frustration who are already feeling overwhelmed. This frustration is compounded by the realization that the resurgence of these diseases is largely preventable, adding to their sense of helplessness and concern for their children’s well-being.

Incomplete vaccination can also lead to lifelong disabilities, such as blindness from measles or paralysis from polio, which may result in permanent disability or death. Not being fully immunized as a child increases the risk of contracting other diseases and reduces life expectancy, while complete vaccination, especially in toddlers, contributes to increased life expectancy.

Talk to Your Healthcare Provider Today

Your family’s health is too important to leave on the table. Reach out to your healthcare provider today to discuss what vaccines might be needed to keep everyone safe and healthy, whether it’s flu season, back-to-school time, or simply part of routine wellness. Talking with a healthcare provider can address questions or concerns about vaccines and dispel any myths or misinformation you may have come across. They can guide you in making the best decisions for your family’s health by providing facts and evidence.

Visit a Health Hero Vaccination Clinic, where family-friendly services make it easy for everyone to get vaccinated in one convenient place.

Sources:

CDC: Immunization

CDC: Coverage with Selected Vaccines and Exemption from School Vaccine Requirements Among Children in Kindergarten — United States, 2022–23 School Year

National Library of Medicine: The Cost of Ignoring Vaccines

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