The 2025 flu season is off to a concerning start. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported 11 new pediatric deaths in the week ending January 11. This brings the total number of pediatric flu-related deaths this season to 27. Overall, the flu accounted for 1.5% of all deaths during the second week of January.
Children are the most vulnerable to severe flu complications, given their immune systems are still developing and they are constantly in environments where they interact with other children. The recent rise in young deaths highlights the need for families to take preventive measures, including vaccination and early medical care when they notice symptoms appear.
Current Flu Activity and Trends
The CDC estimates that the flu has caused over 12 million illnesses, 160,000 hospitalizations, and 6,600 deaths so far. January’s data shows an 18.8% positivity rate for flu tests, and seasonal activity remains high across most regions in the United States.
While visits to doctors’ offices for the flu appear to be declining, this might not mean that the U.S. has reached the season’s peak. Typically, flu season is at its highest in February.
Common Flu Symptoms and How to Tell Them Apart
It’s very easy for someone to confuse the symptoms of one illness with another. Many common viruses share overlapping features that can make it hard to determine the specific cause. For example, flu symptoms typically include:
Fever or chills
Cough and sore throat
Runny or stuffy nose
Muscle or body aches
Fatigue
Headache
Vomiting or diarrhea (especially in children)
However, the flu isn’t the only illness making the rounds. COVID-19, RSV, and the common cold are also making people sick around this time, and distinguishing between them can be tricky without testing. Some key differences include:
COVID-19: Symptoms appear later than the flu and include a dry cough, muscle aches, and fatigue.
RSV: Mild cold-like symptoms for most, but serious for infants, young children, and older adults.
Common Cold: Typically lacks fever, headache, or significant fatigue, which are signs of the flu or COVID-19.
How Flu Spreads
The flu is mainly spread through droplets from coughing, sneezing, or talking. Touching a contaminated surface followed by touching your face can also spread the virus. This is why it’s important to wash your hands and clean surfaces regularly.
Types of Flu Vaccines
But no matter how often you wash your hands, gaps will remain that the flu can exploit. The best way to combat the flu is by getting vaccinated. For kids, there are a few types of flu vaccines to choose from:
The inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) is the most common and is given as a shot. It’s safe for kids as young as six months old.
If your child has an egg allergy, there’s the recombinant influenza vaccine (RIV), which is made without eggs.
For kids who don’t like shots, the live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is available as a nasal spray for those aged two and older.
These vaccines are updated every year to protect against the flu strains most likely to spread during flu season.
When to Get Vaccinated
The best time for kids to get their flu vaccine is early in the fall, around September or October. This helps their bodies prepare for flu season, which usually peaks between December and February. However, if you missed the earlier months, kids can still get their flu shot in January or even later. It takes about two weeks for the vaccine to fully work, and since flu season can last into the spring, it’s never too late to protect your little ones.
Preparing for the Weeks Ahead
As February approaches, flu activity is expected to remain high. Staying informed, practicing preventive measures, and seeking medical attention early when you notice symptoms are important steps in protecting your loved ones. By staying proactive, families can ensure they stay safe through these peak months and enjoy the beginning of 2025.
It’s a rise that the United States hasn’t seen in decades. Pertussis, more commonly known as whooping cough, is under the watchful eye of health officials following a rise in cases. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Tennessee reported 226 cases of whooping cough in 2024, compared to 64 cases in 2023. In 2024, the number of cases in the U.S. increased more than sixfold compared to the same period last year, reaching levels not seen since 2014. This is a concern for children, as this infection is notorious for its severe, painful coughing fits that can last for weeks or even months. With this increase comes the responsibility for parents to understand the illness, its stages, vaccination options, and preventive measures.
What Is Whooping Cough?
Whooping cough typically begins with mild, cold-like symptoms such as:
Runny nose
Sneezing
Low-grade fever
Mild cough
Within a week or two, these symptoms become more severe, resulting in children experiencing intense coughing fits. The cough is often so severe that it causes vomiting, breaks ribs, or produces a distinctive “whooping” sound. This stage can last for weeks. Even after recovery begins, residual coughing may persist for months.
This infectious disease is highly contagious, spreading through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. People can transmit the bacteria for weeks after symptoms develop, even if they feel well enough to resume daily activities.
Recent Trends in Whooping Cough
Cases of whooping cough dropped significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic, likely due to masking, reduced social interactions, and other mitigation measures. However, 2024, as noted above, has seen a sharp resurgence. This rise coincides with a recent decline in vaccination rates. The CDC reports that routine childhood vaccination among kindergarteners fell below 93% in the 2023–24 school year, down from 95% in 2019–20, with exemptions reaching a record 3.3%.
The Best Line of Defense
Vaccination remains the most effective way to protect children against whooping cough. The vaccines used have been proven to significantly reduce the risk of severe illness, hospitalization, and death. Studies have shown that those who are vaccinated are less likely to contract whooping cough, and if they do, the symptoms are generally milder and less likely to result in complications. When getting the vaccine, the CDC recommends:
DTaP vaccine for children at 2, 4, and 6 months, with booster doses at 15–18 months and 4–6 years.
Tdap vaccine for adolescents and adults as a booster, typically at age 11–12 and during every pregnancy to protect newborns.
Diagnosis and Treatment
It’s important for parents to understand the signs of whooping cough because doctors can prescribe antibiotics during the initial weeks before severe coughing begins. Once the illness progresses, treatment focuses on managing symptoms with rest, fluids, and comfort care. Parents should monitor their children closely and seek medical attention if they observe prolonged coughing fits, vomiting after coughing, or signs of respiratory distress.
Preventing Whooping Cough and Other Respiratory Illnesses in 2025
Whooping cough, once a leading cause of childhood mortality in the early 20th century, has been largely controlled through vaccination. However, recent numbers showing an increase in cases highlight the need for families to maintain high vaccination rates. The winter months can be brutal for respiratory illnesses, including the flu, RSV, the common cold, and COVID-19. All of these can impact children but can be mitigated with the help of vaccinations.
An important step parents can take is to reduce the spread and impact of this challenging illness. The best way to do this is by maintaining a vaccine schedule and talking to your doctor about what other steps you can take to ensure your family stays happy and healthy through these months.
I have talked at length about the benefits of vaccines, with the most obvious benefit being the prevention of disease. I have touched on immunizations for several different diseases, too, such as mpox, smallpox, COVID, and influenza. However, these are just a handful of the many vaccines that have been thoroughly tested, approved, and are available to protect individuals’ health. Many tend to think about (most) vaccinations as important for protecting one’s health at that particular point in time. For example, an influenza vaccine is intended to protect the recipient from that year’s strain/s of the flu — an immediate threat.
We know that another, somewhat altered influenza vaccine will be needed the following year to protect the same individual from a similar (but altered, as the virus mutates) threat. So, in the case of influenza immunization, the protection it provides is immediate but not long-lasting. The same is true of other vaccines, such as the COVID-19 vaccine, and any vaccine that you may need a “booster” dose at some point.
From extensive conversations I have had with more people than I can count, I have been fascinated to find that — excluding childhood vaccinations — many people think about vaccines in the context that: 1.) most vaccines address short-term, “acute” issues like seasonal illnesses, outbreaks, or epidemics, and/or 2.) most vaccines address problems in the present rather than the long-term. When people think about getting a vaccine, they are thinking about the next 1–5 years, typically not 20+ years.
This leads me to my topic for this piece, which is that vaccines have many more benefits than most people realize, and they can span a lifetime in the case of some vaccines. Today, I’m going to talk about the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, which is one of the most significant areas of my research.
Approximately 42.5 million Americans are infected with some type of HPV, with at least 13 million new infections every year. There are over 200 types of HPV, and while most HPV infections resolve on their own, persistent infection with high-risk strains (also called types) can cause cancer. Strains of HPV are considered high-risk if they can lead to cancer, and these high-risk types of HPV can cause six different types of cancer in both men and women. These cancers are: vaginal, vulvar, penile, anal, oropharyngeal (the back of the throat), and cervical. In this post, I’m going to focus on the impact that HPV vaccination has made and continues to have on cervical cancer. One reason I have chosen this focus is because January is Cervical Cancer Awareness Month — so this is a great opportunity to raise awareness!
The basics of cervical cancer
Every year in the U.S., around 11,500 new cases of cervical cancers are diagnosed, and around 4,000 women die from cervical cancer. However, this is just the “tip of the iceberg,” as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says, with approximately 196,000 cervical precancers diagnosed each year. These precancers can lead to cervical cancer if left untreated, and both the progression of cervical dysplasia and some treatments for these cervical precancers can be invasive, painful, affect fertility, and potentially increase the risk of miscarriage. Long-lasting infections with high-risk types of HPV cause essentially all cervical cancers and precancers. Two high-risk types of HPV (16 and 18) cause approximately 70% of cervical cancers in the world.
But cervical cancer is preventable!
Nearly all cervical cancers could be prevented by HPV vaccination! Through vaccination, regular screening for cervical cancer, and follow-up treatment when/if needed, cervical cancer could be precluded. The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a global strategy for cervical cancer elimination. You read that correctly. We are talking about an actual plan to eliminate a type of cancer. I am including links to the WHO’s Cervical Cancer Elimination Initiative and to the WHO’s global strategy to eliminate cervical cancer below, and highly suggest that you look into them. They are fascinating, exciting, and inspiring — to think we can accomplish something as monumental as eliminating a type of cancer. Australia is on track to be the first country to eliminate cervical cancer, with a goal date of 2035, and is ahead of schedule in meeting its objectives to achieve this.
What else should I know about the HPV vaccine?
The HPV vaccine is safe, effective, and long-lasting. With over 15 years of monitoring and additional research (after passing the multiple clinical trials phases to be approved for patient use), there is extensive data to demonstrate that the HPV vaccine is extremely safe. Also, its safety is continually monitored to ensure that safety is always ensured.
As for its effectiveness, there are plenty of numbers and statistics that demonstrate this, but I will choose just one to highlight here: Since 2006, when HPV vaccines were first used in the U.S., infections with HPV types that cause most HPV cancers have dropped 88%. That is just one of the astounding outcomes we have seen from this vaccine, and only from one of the cancers that it prevents. These outcomes are nothing less than remarkable.
Other Questions?
I don’t know if you are as astounded as I am by the concept that we have the capability and are likely to eliminate a cancer in our lifetimes, but I hope you can sit with that thought and soak in what it means. How many lives will be saved, how many families not be broken by grief, and how much pain and suffering spared.
The vaccine is recommended to start as early as age 9 to complete the 2-dose series by age 12 (it provides the strongest immunity when given at a younger age and before exposure to HPV). Individuals ages 15–26 will need a 3-dose series if they have not been vaccinated to ensure the best immunity. Additionally, adults ages 27–45 who have not been vaccinated should talk to their healthcare providers about receiving the vaccine, as it is approved up to age 45. Both males and females should be vaccinated. Talk to your healthcare provider about the HPV vaccine for you or your children, or your grandchildren. I have personally received the HPV vaccine, and as a mother, I will do anything I can to keep my children safe and healthy. The HPV vaccine is one way I can help keep them healthy even decades from now, so you better believe I am making sure they are protected! As always, don’t hesitate to reach out with questions or requests for topics. And please support cervical cancer awareness this January!
Be Well; Be Kind,
Dr. Casey
Want to Learn More?
For more information about cervical cancer, risk factors, prevention, and related details, I highly recommend the National Institutes of Health’s site here:
As mentioned above, here are links to the WHO’s information and strategies regarding their Cervical Cancer Elimination Initiative. It is an amazing concept.
I don’t know about you, but it seems like everyone I know either has some kind of cold or “bug,” or is just getting over one. Truth be told, I’m not feeling that great, myself. High rates of minor, contagious illnesses are typical around this time of year. Many people have been spending time with friends and family in close quarters during the holiday season, which is a perfect opportunity to share special moments as well as a lot of less special germs and viruses. And then, without meaning to, and usually without even knowing it, we go back to work and school and spread whatever we have picked up to people there.
This year, some of the most common viruses we see this time of year are starting to surge, so it is extremely important to be aware of what is going around, what symptoms to look out for, and how to protect yourself from getting sick. So let’s do a rundown of some of the main infectious diseases in the U.S. this year.
What viruses are surging this year?
The main infectious disease threats this year are not necessarily new, but they are aggressive and cases are definitely rising. The ones to watch out for are: influenza, COVID, RSV, and norovirus. I’ll go into a little more about each of them below.
Influenza
Influenza, or “the flu,” is especially bad across the U.S. this year. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), who monitors rates of illnesses and keeps the public informed about potential outbreaks and health risks, has categorized the risk levels of flu as high or very high all around the U.S., and continues to increase.
Contributing to such high rates is that fewer people seem to be getting the flu vaccine. With fewer people vaccinated, the virus is able to infect more individuals and spread more easily. People who contract the flu are also more likely to have more severe symptoms and a longer recovery time, compared to those who have been vaccinated.
Common Symptoms: Fever, chills, cough, sore throat, body aches, feeling tired, runny nose
How Long Does It Last? Flu symptoms usually hit more quickly than a cold
Flu can last from a few days to 2 weeks
COVID-19
The pandemic may be over, but COVID-19 has become part of our accepted lives, in the same way as the flu. The number of cases is nowhere near pandemic numbers, but between October 1, 2024, and December 14, 2024, the CDC estimates there were somewhere between 2.7 million and almost 5 million COVID-19 illnesses. Vaccine rates for COVID-19 are drastically lower than in years past (polling shows only about one-fifth of adults in the U.S. say they have gotten the newest COVID-19 vaccine). COVID-19 is no longer at emergency status, but it still causes more hospitalizations and deaths than flu and RSV.
Common Symptoms: Cough, congestion, runny nose, fever or chills, headache, body aches, sore throat, feeling tired, loss of taste or smell, shortness of breath, diarrhea, nausea or vomiting
How Long Does It Last? Mild to moderate cases of COVID-19 usually last an average of 10 days. More severe cases may take longer to recover.
RSV
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a respiratory illness affecting the nose, throat, and lungs with symptoms similar to the common cold and flu. Those most vulnerable to RSV include infants, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems. Levels of RSV have increased, with levels in half of U.S. states categorized as high or very high through the end of December. Currently, vaccination for RSV is available for infants and young children, adults 60 years and older, and pregnant individuals. However, while rates of RSV vaccination are generally high among infants, they are far below desired in older adults, who face a higher risk of severe RSV, side effects, and hospitalization.
Common Symptoms: Fever, feeling tired/low energy, cough, congestion, sore throat, headache, runny nose
How Long Does It Last? Illness typically appears 4–6 days after exposure.
RSV usually 1–2 weeks, although it depends on how severe the illness is
Norovirus
Norovirus is a common and highly contagious virus that causes vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramping. In the past month, the U.S. has seen a steep surge in cases of norovirus, spreading in the country and on cruise ships. Scientists think part of the reason for this large wave of cases could be that we are dealing with a new strain of norovirus. This new strain has accounted for almost 7 in 10 norovirus outbreaks this season, and only 7% of outbreaks have been linked to the strain that has been most common in the past. Right now, the best we can do is use traditional prevention measures (described below) to protect against norovirus, but there is a norovirus vaccine in development.
Common Symptoms: Vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain or cramping, nausea, loss of taste, headache, muscle aches, weakness, feeling tired
How Long Does It Last? Illness usually appears suddenly and is typically short, with symptoms lasting 1–2 days
Protect yourself: What can you do?
There are many ways to protect yourself and your loved ones from all of the viruses described above. I’m going to walk through them, but it will probably seem a little silly because many people think of these things as “common sense.” Consider this just a good reminder, if that is the case for you.
Wash Your Hands. With soap. Scrub. Do this many times throughout the day, especially after using the bathroom, before eating, and before preparing food. And take your time — most sources suggest at least 20 seconds. While hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol is a good option on the go, be aware that it is not effective against norovirus.
Keep surfaces clean. Particularly for norovirus exposure, you should immediately disinfect surfaces that have come in contact with food or any bodily fluids. Disinfecting with a chlorine bleach solution is recommended by CDC. Remember to wash clothing that may have been exposed, as well. I’m including a link to the CDC’s guide to disinfecting your home below.
Keep your mouth covered and your hands away from your face. If you need to cough or sneeze, make sure to cover your nose and mouth with a tissue. If one isn’t handy, aim for the inside of your elbow to cover your face, since that will come in less contact with surfaces that will be touched by others. And, of course, wash your hands as soon as possible. And try to keep your hands away from your face. That is an easy way to spread germs from your hands to the mucus membranes of your eyes, nose, or mouth and infect yourself.
Don’t fall back into pre-pandemic practices. By this, I mean, we are all now more aware of ways to keep ourselves and others from infecting those around us. If you are sick — stay home! Don’t expose others if you have symptoms or suspect you have a virus. And practice social distancing when you know viruses are going around. You can spend time with others without sharing a seat (most of the time).
Get vaccinated for what you can. Vaccines for flu and COVID-19 are easily accessible (and sometimes places will offer perks like a grocery gift card or discount on a purchase — check their policy/promotion), quick, and pretty painless. They are less painful than the flu and/or COVID-19! Have your children vaccinated, too. Schools are breeding grounds for germs and viruses.
Other Questions?
I wanted to cover these viruses in this post because they are very relevant right now and with their high rates as well as their surging at the same time, some people are even referring to them as the ‘Quad-demic’. But I have just scratched the surface of these most common winter viruses, providing you with the basics of each one, and letting you know what to be aware of this year based on the illness rates we are seeing so far in the U.S. I am including links to more detailed information on each illness below if you want to read more about any or all of them.
I want to call out this link, especially, because I find it very helpful in trying to tell apart some of the respiratory viruses with very similar symptoms. It is from the National Foundation for Infectious Diseases and is a chart showing how to tell the difference between flu, RSV, COVID-19, and the common cold. I find it handy and pretty interesting:
I hope you will take note of the prevention practices I suggest to keep yourself and your loved ones safe and healthy. I find life hectic enough without being out of commission for a week or two feeling terrible, and I’m sure you do, too. Please send me questions, comments, thoughts, etc. as you see fit. I love hearing from you and appreciate your engagement!
Until next time…
Be Well; Be Kind,
Dr. Casey
Want to Learn More?
Here, CDC breaks down everything you have ever wanted to know about influenza:
Interested in keeping up with the respiratory activity levels around the U.S.? CDC tracks this and provides information on the spread of COVID-19, influenza, and RSV here:
Measles, a disease once declared eradicated in the United States in 2000, is making a troubling comeback. This highly contagious illness, which poses significant risks to children, is on the rise again. Just before we entered the new year, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that there were 284 measles cases reported across several jurisdictions. A bulk of these were found in children under the age of 5. For parents, this rise in cases is an opportunity to understand the stages of measles and how vaccines play an important role in preventing its spread and protecting their families from its potentially serious consequences.
How Serious is Measles?
Very. Measles is a highly contagious viral illness caused by the measles virus, known for its airborne transmission and potential severity. Before the introduction of the measles vaccine, the disease caused significant damage in the U.S., with an estimated 48,000 hospitalizations and 400–500 deaths annually. Although measles is not a seasonal virus, it often spreads during high travel periods, such as spring break, or in close-contact settings like summer camps, particularly among unvaccinated individuals. Recognizing the symptoms and understanding the stages of measles is essential for early detection and proper care.
Stages of Measles
Measles has three main stages, each characterized by distinct symptoms and progression:
Incubation Period (7–14 Days)
This is the period after exposure to the virus and before symptoms appear. During this time, the virus replicates in the respiratory tract and spreads to the lymphatic system. At this stage, there shouldn’t be any noticeable symptoms, and individuals are not yet contagious.
Prodromal (Initial) Stage (2–4 Days)
Symptoms start to appear, often resembling a common cold or flu. Common signs include:
Fever (often high, above 101°F or 38.5°C)
Runny nose
Cough
Red, watery eyes (conjunctivitis)
Sore throat
During this stage, tiny white spots with bluish centers start to develop inside the mouth, typically on the inner cheeks. This is a unique feature of measles and can help with early diagnosis.
Exanthem (Rash) Stage (3–7 Days)
The measles rash is the most recognizable symptom. It starts as flat red spots on the face and hairline and gradually spreads downward to the neck, trunk, arms, legs, and feet. Some of the spots may become slightly raised.
Other symptoms during this stage can include:
Persistent high fever, which may peak above 104°F (40°C)
Intensified cough and runny nose
General discomfort and fatigue
The rash typically lasts about 5–6 days before fading.
Complications of Measles
Once contracted and not properly dealt with, measles can lead to complications, especially in young children, pregnant women, or those with weakened immune systems. Potential complications include:
Ear infections: Measles can lead to otitis media, causing ear pain and potential hearing issues.
Diarrhea: A common complication, especially in children, that can lead to dehydration.
Pneumonia: This serious complication occurs when the virus affects the lungs and is a leading cause of measles-related deaths.
Encephalitis: A rare but severe inflammation of the brain that can cause seizures, permanent brain damage, or, in rare cases, death.
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE): A very rare, progressive, and fatal disease of the central nervous system that can develop years after a measles infection.
When to Seek Medical Attention
If you suspect measles or notice symptoms such as high fever, widespread rash, or white spots inside the mouth, it’s important to get in contact with a healthcare provider. Early diagnosis not only helps in managing symptoms but also prevents the spread of the virus to others.
Seek immediate medical attention if:
The individual experiences difficulty breathing or persistent chest pain.
Symptoms worsen after initial improvement.
There are signs of dehydration, such as reduced urination, dry mouth, or extreme fatigue.
Neurological symptoms like confusion or seizures occur.
The Impact of Declining Vaccination Rates
One major reason for the rise in measles cases in the U.S. is the decline in childhood vaccination rates. According to the CDC, less than 93% of kindergartners were vaccinated against measles during the 2023–2024 school year, a drop from 95% in 2019–2020. Vaccination rates against other diseases, including polio and whooping cough, have also fallen.
The most effective way to prevent measles is through vaccination. The Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine has been proven to give protection against the virus and has significantly reduced measles cases worldwide.
Keeping a Calm Perspective
While measles is a serious illness, knowledge is power. By recognizing and understanding the symptoms, stages, and complications, you can take proactive steps to prevent illness. If you or someone you know shows signs of measles, consult a healthcare professional for guidance. Early recognition and supportive care are key to managing the illness effectively.
As 2025 begins, several infectious diseases, both familiar and emerging, could challenge families. Declining vaccination rates are creating conditions that result in the reemergence of certain diseases.
While a new year brings challenges, families can take steps to protect themselves from infectious diseases. The best place to start is by understanding the current environment, the risks, and how to address them effectively.
1. Bird Flu (Avian Influenza)
Bird flu has become a growing threat in the U.S. after human cases were found in 2024. Currently, there are 66 confirmed human cases. While the risk of human-to-human transmission remains low, experts warn that the virus poses a risk of mutating further.
Best Vaccine: Current avian influenza vaccines have only been developed for poultry, but clinical trials for human vaccines are ongoing. A stockpiled H5N1 vaccine may be deployed if a significant human outbreak occurs.
2. Measles
Once nearly eradicated in the U.S., measles is making a concerning comeback due to declining vaccination rates. In 2024, the CDC reported the highest annual case total in five years, with outbreaks linked to unvaccinated populations. Measles is highly contagious and can lead to severe complications such as pneumonia and encephalitis.
Best Vaccine: The Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine remains the gold standard, with 97% efficacy with two doses. Parents should ensure their children are up to date on their immunizations to avoid any complications.
3. Polio
Polio, a disease that has been largely eradicated in most of the world, has become a threat once again due to low vaccination coverage in some areas. Polio outbreaks in countries like Pakistan and Afghanistan show how easily it can spread and its impact. In the U.S., vaccine hesitancy could create conditions for its resurgence, particularly among unvaccinated children.
Best Vaccine: The Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) is highly effective at preventing polio and is part of the routine childhood immunization schedule in the U.S.
4. COVID-19 and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
COVID-19 and RSV remain ongoing public health concerns. New variants of COVID-19 continue to emerge, requiring updated vaccines and boosters. RSV, which surged during the 2024 winter season, remains a risk, particularly for infants and older adults.
Best Vaccines:
● COVID-19: Updated mRNA vaccines from Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna targeting current variants.
● RSV: Recently approved RSV vaccines, including those by Pfizer and GSK, are recommended for older adults and pregnant women to protect newborns.
Addressing the Challenge
Some of the infectious diseases highlighted above are a concern only due to declining vaccination rates, coupled with vaccine misinformation, which exacerbates the risk of outbreaks. Parents can protect their children by educating themselves on how vaccines are developed and the rigorous steps taken to ensure they are safe for human use.
In 2025, parents remain central to protecting their children amidst the dual threats of falling vaccination rates and widespread misinformation. Staying informed and proactive is essential to ensure children’s health and safety. By understanding the importance of vaccines, parents can take steps to safeguard their families.
One of the most effective ways for parents to stay informed is by talking to their child’s pediatrician. Medical professionals offer evidence-based guidance, addressing concerns about vaccine safety and efficacy while debunking myths or misconceptions. Open conversations with a trusted doctor can help parents make confident, well-informed decisions about their child’s health.
Amidst the activity and excitement of 2025, protecting yourself and your family from infectious diseases is essential to achieve your plans and goals for the year.
The start of a new year means a fresh start and an opportunity to focus on what’s important to you in 2025. Staying active and healthy is usually a priority, but for parents, it’s not just about their own health, it’s also about the well-being of their family. While eating right and getting out for a run are some of the best ways to stay healthy, there’s another crucial aspect to consider, vaccinations. Ensuring your children are vaccinated against preventable diseases is one of the most effective ways to make sure they stay healthy in the new year. As we reflect on the past year, it’s important to look back on the impact vaccines have had in significantly reducing child mortality rates over the past century.
The Numbers Speak for Themselves
In the 1800s, childhood deaths were common for many families. Nearly half of all children born didn’t make it to their fifth birthday. Infectious diseases like smallpox, diphtheria, and tuberculosis claimed the lives of millions. In 2020, child mortality in the United States dropped to just seven deaths per thousand births, the lowest rate ever recorded.
Vaccines, along with advancements in sanitation, antibiotics, and food safety, have resulted in millions of lives to be saved. Statistics show that vaccines alone have prevented an estimated 154 million deaths worldwide. Of these, 146 million were children under the age of five, including 101 million infants under one year old.
The Threat of Complacency
The history of vaccines is positive; however, recently, there has been a small increase in the number of people not getting vaccinated, despite medical advancements. Diseases like measles, once eliminated in the United States, are starting to appear again. This resurgence is largely due to declining vaccination rates, fueled by misinformation and a growing mistrust of vaccines.
This trend can be seen in the case of more common illnesses, such as the flu. Flu vaccination rates among children have dropped significantly compared to last year. According to CDC data, as of December 7, only 41% of children have been vaccinated, down from 44% at the same time last year. Last winter’s flu season saw an estimated 28,000 flu-related deaths, including 205 pediatric deaths, the highest number ever reported during a typical flu season.
Four Things Parents Need to Know About Vaccines
Vaccines Are Thoroughly Tested Vaccines undergo years of rigorous development before they get approval for use. This process includes multiple phases of clinical trials to ensure safety and efficacy. After approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), vaccines are reviewed by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), a group of medical experts who establish guidelines to protect public health.
Monitoring for Safety Continues Post-Approval Even after vaccines are in use, their safety is continuously monitored through systems like the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). This ensures that any potential issues are quickly identified and addressed, adding another layer of protection for patients.
Vaccines Protect More Than Your Child Vaccinating your child not only shields them from dangerous diseases but also protects others who might be more susceptible to disease, like those unable to receive vaccines due to medical conditions.
The Risks of Skipping Vaccines History has shown us the devastating effects of vaccine-preventable diseases. Before the introduction of the measles vaccine, the disease caused 2.6 million deaths annually worldwide. Today, outbreaks of measles, polio, and whooping cough are a direct result of declining vaccination rates. These diseases can cause severe complications, including lifelong disability or death.
A New Year, A New Commitment to Health
It’s 2025, the beginning of a new year. The perfect opportunity for a fresh start and setting priorities. If keeping healthy is on your list of resolutions, ensuring your children are up to date on their vaccinations should be the first step. Vaccines have transformed the world, reducing child mortality to historic lows and sparing countless families from unimaginable grief.
Vaccines have been tested and proven effective for decades and have helped free us from the constant threat of many illnesses, and we can’t let fear or false information undo the progress made..
This year, let’s prioritize what really matters, our health, our families, and the medical advances that make it all possible.
When was the last time you discussed polio? For many, it feels like a disease of the past, something eradicated from our lives. But just because it’s no longer visible in our daily lives doesn’t mean it’s truly gone. Polio, short for poliomyelitis, is a highly contagious viral disease that mainly affects children under the age of five. While most cases cause mild symptoms or none at all, in some cases the virus can lead to irreversible paralysis or even death if not addressed. Not to worry, as long as you take the recommended steps, the risk of severe outcomes can be minimized.
A Society on Edge
Polio was once one of the most feared diseases in the United States. Epidemics paralyzed or killed thousands of children each year, leaving families and communities devastated. In 1952, the country faced its worst outbreak, with nearly 58,000 cases and over 3,000 deaths. However, the introduction of the Salk vaccine in 1955 and the oral Sabin vaccine in the 1960s marked a turning point. These vaccines not only reduced polio cases dramatically but also led to polio’s elimination in the U.S. by 1979.
Maintaining eradication has not been without challenges. Polio remains a major concern in countries such as Afghanistan and Pakistan, as well as in isolated cases linked to international travel, which have reappeared in countries like the U.S. Especially during the holiday season, when travel increases, there is a heightened risk of disease transmission, underscoring the importance of continued vigilance and global immunization efforts.
Tennessee’s Role in the Fight Against Polio
Tennessee, like many other states, was devastated by polio’s impact during its peak years. In 1941, Tennessee experienced its largest outbreak of polio, with 522 cases reported during the summer and fall. Outbreaks in the 1940s and 1950s resulted in the establishment of facilities such as the Wilson County Crippled Children’s Center, which cared for children affected by the disease.
Today, Tennessee’s polio immunization rate is over 90%. However, the state is not immune to the growing national trend of vaccine hesitancy. Health officials have reported a 2.7% decline in polio vaccination rates over a recent one-year period.
The Global Push for Eradication
Globally, polio vaccination efforts have reduced cases by over 99%, from 350,000 annually in 1988 to fewer than 200 in 2023. But the virus continues to be a threat, particularly in areas with low immunization rates. Vaccine-derived poliovirus, which can emerge in under-immunized populations, has created a challenge in eliminating the disease.
In 2022, the detection of poliovirus in New York wastewater marked the first sign of community spread in decades. For states like Tennessee, maintaining high vaccination rates is important in preventing similar scenarios.
Why Vaccination Still Matters
Vaccination is more than an individual choice; it’s a responsibility. Vaccines have been instrumental in controlling or eradicating diseases that once caused widespread suffering and death. Polio vaccines have been proven to prevent millions of cases of paralysis worldwide. This not only shows its effectiveness against polio, but also its bigger role in keeping people healthy. It is crucial to maintain high vaccination rates for polio and all other preventable diseases alike.
The Road to Eradication
As of December 2024, Tennessee has not reported any recent cases of polio. However, the decline in immunization rates could change that. Polio eradication is within reach, but it requires global commitment. Vaccination is the best defense against polio and ensures that no one has to experience its devastating impact, as seen in the 1940s.
Help be the change and prioritize immunization of all kinds, so we can live in a healthy, worry-free world.
We face health risks every single day in countless areas of life. From germs to improperly prepared food to pollution and countless other exposures, we face countless possible hazards every day. However, one of the most dangerous but underestimated threats to our health and well-being is actually misinformation about health. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services defines misinformation as “false, inaccurate, or misleading information according to the best available evidence at the time.” And health misinformation, specifically, has been identified by countless professionals and health organizations as one of the leading threats to individuals’ health and safety. Dr. Vivek H. Murthy, U.S. Surgeon General, has said, “Health misinformation is a serious threat to public health. It can cause confusion, sow mistrust, harm people’s health, and undermine public health efforts.” Unfortunately, health misinformation, and particularly misinformation regarding vaccinations, has become an issue of epidemic proportions. Today, I will talk more about the issues surrounding health misinformation, including some of the causes, effects, and ways to stop it.
Why is health misinformation harmful?
People might make decisions about their health based on this untrue or incorrect information. Basing decisions on false information could be dangerous for one’s health. This includes misinformation about diseases, treatments, vaccines, procedures, and healthy lifestyle choices, and more.
How can you know if health information is accurate?
Check with credible sources. Check public health department websites and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention at https://www.cdc.gov/ to fact-check information. Talk to a doctor, nurse, or other healthcare professional/expert to request any additional information they might have. You can also search online to see if a credible source, such as a governmental agency or peer-reviewed medical journals have verified claims.
**Do not seek factual information from social media. Unfortunately, social media is one of the most common ways to spread misinformation.
**If you aren’t sure if the information is credible, don’t share it.
It is also important to be mindful of our inherent and (often unintentional) biases. Sometimes we may think we are doing our due diligence by looking for facts about an issue, but people naturally tend to hunt and/or be drawn to facts and opinions that support their beliefs and values. It can be difficult for anyone to be objective because we all have at least some kind of inherent opinion, however small or subconscious. So, beware of unintentionally seeking information that reinforces your innate ideas.
Despite several studies finding no association between vaccines and autism, the myth of a link continues to be spread by anti-vaccine activists.
Limiting the spread of health misinformation is a moral and civic imperative that will require a whole-of-society effort,” he said.
One of the most significant areas of medicine that has been affected by health misinformation is vaccines. In January 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) named vaccine hesitancy as one of the top 10 threats to global health, and this was long before the COVID-19 pandemic and vaccinations sparked widespread controversy. At the time, the WHO estimated that 1.5 million lives could be saved worldwide if vaccines were more widely accepted. In 2021, some of the top health officials in the U.S. admitted that they had underestimated the vaccine hesitancy issue, thinking people would become increasingly willing to be vaccinated as the benefits of the vaccine became clear. This was not the case, though, and vaccine hesitancy spread beyond the COVID-19 vaccine and on to vaccines that had long been established and accepted as safe and important, particularly for children. Experts have said that the vast amount of health misinformation has significantly contributed to vaccine hesitancy and refusal.
Unfortunately, once these ideas are let loose, regardless of how true (or not) they are, very little can be done to undo the damage of the original claims. For example, despite numerous studies showing no association between vaccines and autism (and the original study making that claim was found to be incredibly fraudulent, the publication withdrawn, and the physician-scientist having lost his license to practice medicine), the myth of a link between vaccines and autism persists and is spread by anti-vaccination activists. Despite being fraudulent, fabricated, disproven, and criminally pursued, the damage done by that first study cannot be undone. From situations like this, countless health professionals and the U.S. Surgeon General insist that “Limiting the spread of health misinformation is a moral and civic imperative that will require a whole-of-society effort.” It is up to all of us to combat these falsehoods to protect the greater good of the people.
Other Questions?
I am frequently asked about misinformation, particularly regarding vaccines, so I thought many readers might have questions about it, too. I wanted to emphasize this topic because we are in the time of year when germs are rampant and the need to protect ourselves is greatest. Also, I have seen an uptick in vaccine misinformation in recent weeks, and I want to emphasize how important it is for people to look at the facts and to fact-check the “facts.” My second cousin’s best friend who is completely unrelated to the medical field is not my go-to for health advice or the latest data. Remember who you are trusting with your health and safety, and that of your family and community. We have an obligation to be mindful for each other. Please continue sending in questions and comments; I love to hear your feedback and answer anything I can! Stay healthy as we enter this chilly season!
The Office of the U.S. Surgeon General has also developed “A Community Toolkit for Addressing Health Misinformation” that provides great resources on understanding health misinformation, how to recognize it, how to talk about it with others, and other resources. You can access this toolkit here: https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/health-misinformation-toolkit-english.pdf
If this subject really interests you, I suggest this documentary from PBS called Vaccination from the Misinformation Virus. It discusses overcoming personal bias to understand the role vaccines play in community health and saving lives. You can stream it here: https://www.pbs.org/show/vaccination-misinformation-virus/
As we enter the peak of flu season, health officials are urging people to prioritize vaccination, particularly for children. With the holiday getting closer, it’s possible the United States could see a rise in children staying in bed, not just recovering from indulging in the festive season, but battling seasonal illness. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), influenza cases are gradually increasing nationwide. While the overall number of flu cases remains relatively low, Tennessee is reporting moderately high rates, with certain regions seeing noticeable activity.
Nationally, children aged 0–4 account for more than 10% of outpatient flu-related visits. While Tennessee’s 2024 flu cases (3.8% of the population) are down from the 5% reported during the same week in 2023, this is encouraging. It is also important to remember that the peak of flu season is still ahead. Health experts caution against complacency, as flu activity usually reaches its highest levels between December and February.
Why You Should Get Vaccinated
The bottom line is that no one wants to get sick. The body can only handle so much before it becomes vulnerable to infection. With the influenza virus constantly evolving, we must also update the tools we use to fight it.
Each year, the influenza vaccine is designed to protect against the most prevalent strains of the virus predicted for the upcoming flu season. Researchers worldwide monitor circulating strains and use models to forecast which ones are most likely to spread. The vaccine typically targets three or four strains, covering both influenza A and B viruses.
The influenza vaccine introduces inactivated viruses, weakened live viruses, or specific viral proteins into the body. Getting vaccinated helps your immune system prepare for a potential encounter with the influenza virus. Children’s immune systems are still developing, making them more vulnerable to severe symptoms and complications like pneumonia, sinus infections, or ear infections. These complications cause discomfort and can lead to time off school and activities they enjoy, as well as missed workdays for parents or caregivers.
Getting the vaccine helps children build that barrier that helps avoid high fevers, muscle aches, and fatigue associated with influenza, which can leave kids feeling miserable for days or weeks. As parents, there’s nothing worse than seeing your child sick and feeling like you could have done something to prevent it but now can’t.
Addressing Low Vaccination Rates
Despite all the data available, vaccination rates remain low. In Tennessee and across the U.S., only 37% of children have received the flu shot this season. This is concerning, given how deadly the flu season can be, especially for children.
Thousands of children end up in the hospital due to flu-related complications, and tragically, flu-associated pediatric deaths occur annually. During the 2023–2024 flu season, 200 pediatric flu-related deaths were reported, surpassing the previous high of 199 deaths in the 2019–2020 season. Of these deaths, approximately 80% of children were not fully vaccinated against influenza.
This data paints a clear picture. Low vaccination rates and high transmissibility of influenza can have deadly consequences. It’s important to vaccinate children because they often act as vectors, spreading the virus to other children, who then spread it to families, and it can eventually reach vulnerable populations, including the elderly.
Increasing flu vaccination rates among children is a critical public health priority. Vaccination protects individual children from severe illness and death and contributes to community-wide immunity, reducing the overall burden of influenza and safeguarding those who cannot be vaccinated.
What to Remember This Holiday
As we prepare to gather with loved ones this holiday season, it’s important to understand the risks of the flu. During this busy time — shopping, traveling, and celebrating. The flu doesn’t respect borders or boundaries.
Vaccination is a simple step that can drastically reduce flu transmission and protect everyone around you.
Remember, vaccination isn’t just a personal choice — it’s a shared responsibility.
